Jahan-e-Tahqeeq

Spelling Variations in Written English: A Study of SMS Language

2024-07-29T08:30:19+00:00

This study investigates the impact of SMS language on spelling deviation of written English among university students. The prevalence of SMS communication due to its affordability has led to the adoption of misspelled language in written communication. Through quantitative and qualitative analysis involving 200 undergraduate students from two universities, the study reveals that a significant majority of students engage in misspelling words, omitting functional words in SMS. Additionally, findings suggest that students often incorporate SMS language unconsciously into their written work, resulting in lower grades and marks. While the standard English language has not been directly affected, the pervasive use of SMS language undermines students' spelling and writing skills. Recommendations to mitigate this impact include government intervention to monitor SMS content, increased media campaigns to raise awareness, and integration of awareness programs into educational curricula. Further research is proposed to explore this phenomenon on a larger scale.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Oral Communication Skills: A Study of Grade IX PCTB English Textbook

2024-07-29T08:35:27+00:00

This study evaluates the effectiveness of oral communication activities in the Grade 9 English textbook used in the conviniently selected public schools in Lahore. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research gathered data from 150 participants, including 120 students and 30 teachers, through structured questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data analysis shows that 80% of students and teachers agree that the textbook’s oral activities enhance speaking skills. Qualitative insights reveal improvements in student confidence, fluency, and class participation. However, the study identifies challenges such as inadequate teacher training in communicative language teaching (CLT) and a need for more engaging speaking tasks.The findings underscore the importance of incorporating practical and communicative approaches in ESL education. Recommendations include revising the textbook to include a broader range of interactive speaking activities, integrating technology, and implementing comprehensive professional development programs for teachers. This study contributes to the understanding of ESL education in Pakistan, highlighting critical areas for curriculum and instructional improvement to support oral communication skills development.

Re-syllabification of Borrowed English Words in Urdu: An Analysis of Phonological Patterns and Linguistic Integration

2024-07-30T06:35:25+00:00

This paper examines the re-syllabification of English words by L1 Urdu speakers. This descriptive examination attempts to investigate the contrast between the templates of the original words and the templates utilized by the L1 speakers. For this reason, three distinct television recordings of public meetings have been taken as an example. The outcomes show that the greater part of the words go through a change when are expressed by the speakers. As each language puts some requirements and limitations on the syllabification of words Urdu does as well. Urdu has unique layouts from that of English. The review uncovers that main CVC template stays stable. Inre-syllabifying process, Urdu follows templatic strategy for syllabification. The V and VC layouts have been tracked down the most unstable formats. The/ɒ/sound has likewise been replaced bylong vowel /ɑ:/ and /ə/ sound with neutral and focal vowel/ʌ/.

DECODING POLITICS, CLASS AND POWER DYNAMICS: A MARXIST ANALYSIS OF OSMAN HANEEF’S THE VERDICT

2024-08-05T17:16:24+00:00

The present research study provides a Marxist analysis of Osman Haneef's The Verdict, exploring the intricate dynamics of politics, class, and power. The novel serves as a lens through which the struggles between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat are examined, highlighting the systemic exploitation and oppression of the working class. By analyzing the ways in which the bourgeoisie use legal, economic, and religious power to maintain their dominance, this study uncovers the mechanisms of control and marginalization that perpetuate class divisions. The novel also emphasizes the emergence of class consciousness among the oppressed, which is central to Marxist theory. Through a detailed examination of class struggle, alienation, and the labor theory of value, this analysis reveals the inherent inequalities of capitalist society as portrayed in the novel, shedding light on the enduring relevance of Marxist critique in understanding social and economic power dynamics. Haneef’s The Verdict powerfully explores the intricacies of class and power, depicting the persistent conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. This analysis delves into various episodes within the novel where the bourgeoisie wield their power to oppress the proletariat, emphasizing the exploitation and domination carried out for their own advantage. Conversely, the proletariat endures ongoing oppression, marginalization, and discrimination, which are enforced through legal, economic, and religious structures. These oppressive experiences contribute to an increasing awareness of class, a key focus of the novel. Grounded in Marxist theory, this study highlights the theme of class struggle, which is fueled by the uneven distribution of wealth and power. Marx's labor theory of value is examined to expose the exploitation of labor under private ownership, leading to the alienation of workers from both their labor and society within the capitalist framework.

EVALUATING FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT PRACTICES IN STEM EDUCATION IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN: PRINCIPLES, POLICIES, AND PRACTICES

2024-08-07T17:58:35+00:00

This paper delves into the significance of Formative Assessment as a powerful tool for promoting STEM learning and discusses the need for seamlessly blending seemingly disparate subjects, such as mathematics and general science, within a cohesive STEM framework. The research endeavor embarks on an extensive investigation into the development and application of formative assessment tasks in select classrooms, aiming to shed light on the potential of such interventions in promoting STEM. The research will involve the use of a mixed-methods approach to capture comprehensive data, combining qualitative observations, student interviews, and quantitative assessments. The findings will highlight the multifaceted impact of formative assessment on the students' cognitive and metacognitive development, fostering higher-order critical thinking skills and enhancing problem-solving capabilities. While the paper would celebrate the numerous benefits of formative assessment in STEM Education, it also acknowledges the challenges encountered during its implementation. These challenges range from initial resistance among educators to time constraints within the curriculum. Addressing these obstacles requires a transformative shift in pedagogical practices, fostering a culture of continuous improvement and embracing a growth-oriented mindset. In conclusion, this paper serves as a comprehensive exploration of using Formative Assessment to promote STEM Education in early grades. By delving into the process of task development, its implementation, and subsequent impact, the paper offers valuable insights into the symbiotic relationship between Formative Assessment and STEM learning. The contributions of this research extend to both curriculum development and assessment practices, offering a compelling roadmap for educators and policymakers seeking to empower the next generation of STEM innovators for diverse policy decisions.

Pakistan's Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building: Challenges and Strategies towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

2024-08-09T17:28:08+00:00

Pakistan has encountered substantial obstacles in advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) due to systemic institutional flaws and inadequate skill development. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of these challenges, highlighting issues such as insufficient financial resources, political instability, ineffective stakeholder coordination, and gaps in human resource development. Additional barriers include stakeholder resistance and a lack of robust tracking and evaluation mechanisms. To address these issues, the study recommends several strategies: significantly boosting investments in education and training programs, decentralizing decision-making to empower local governments, and enhancing collaboration among governmental bodies, businesses, and civil society organizations. A coordinated approach that integrates efforts from the public and private sectors as well as non-governmental organizations is crucial for overcoming these barriers. By adopting these recommendations, Pakistan can make substantial strides towards achieving the SDGs and fostering sustainable development. Data for this study were collected through a rigorous review of reports, news articles, and academic research using qualitative methods..

Infinite Interplay of Radcliffe Award’s Lethal Legacy: Nuclear Flash Point in the Making

2024-08-11T09:27:47+00:00

The Radcliffe Award, a catastrophic boundary demarcation line established in 1947, has been a bone of contention between India and Pakistan since independence. This study investigates how this unjust Radcliffe Award birthed, amongst several others, a duo of perennial conflict sources between Pakistan and India viz. (i) protracted Kashmir dispute, and (ii) compromised Pakistan's water security by unfairly allocating Muslim majority areas and critical water resources to India. Kashmir dispute has already sparked multiple full-scale conventional wars, while the water security issue has similar potential to escalate into large-scale conflict. Most alarmingly, a war between two nuclear-armed states like Pakistan and India risks the catastrophic use of strategic nuclear warheads, which could be unleashed by any desperate state facing defeat. This chilling prospect underscores the imperative need for diplomatic resolution and conflict prevention, lest the region teeters on the brink of nuclear annihilation. Through scrutinizing existing literature and historical events, this research aims to elucidate the complex dynamics driving tensions and assess the likelihood of nuclear escalation. It finds that Muslims of the subcontinent had long been struggling to get a separate home land at the end of colonial rule, in order to avert the specter of communal riots, the breeding grounds of instability, after the British relinquish its imperial rules. However, contrary to their aspirations for human security, regional peace, and sustainable development, the unjust Radcliffe Award coupled with its arbitrary decisions sowed the seeds of enduring instability in the region. This paper's findings also shed new light on the long-term consequences of the Radcliffe Award. The study derives its signifies by examining the intricate relationships between water security and human security as well as regional stability, this research contributes meaningfully to the existing body of knowledge, providing valuable insights for policymakers, scholars, and stakeholders seeking to address the protracted conflicts and disputes.

The increasing trend of "Halal media," persistent issues, and possible solutions in the context of Islamic values

2024-08-13T09:28:17+00:00

The phrase "halal media" has come into being in the modern day in response to the demand for media content that upholds Islamic values, as stated in the Quran (Qur’an 49:06). This concept, originating as early as 1978, emphasizes compliance with Sharia. The three guiding principles and goals of halal media are the recognition of God's supremacy, the development of the well-being of society, and the advancement of human dignity. By 2024, the halal media market is expected to grow to a value of USD 270 billion worldwide. The halal media sector faces many obstacles, such as Diversity in Culture and Linguistics, Understanding Islamic Principles, Internationalization and Western Influences, Regulation and Censorship, Quality and Competitiveness, Stereotyping and Misrepresentation, Investment and Financing, Technology Difficulties, Youth Involvement, Entertainment, Kid-Friendly Content and Mobile Applications. This article will seek to draw attention to the difficulties Halal media faces and provide light on potential solutions in the context of Islamic teachings. This article will utilize a qualitative research method, utilizing reviews, primary and secondary sources, observations, and interviews with subject-matter experts.

EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL LEADERSHIP, EMPLOYEE AMBIDEXTERITY, AND ERROR MANAGEMENT CULTURE ON INNOVATION IN PAKISTAN’S SME’S

2024-08-13T10:51:31+00:00

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are pivotal to sustainable economic growth, contributing significantly to Pakistan’s GDP and employment. This study explores the impact of entrepreneurial leadership on the innovation capabilities of SMEs in the manufacturing sector, addressing five key research questions: the influence of entrepreneurial leadership on innovation, employee ambidexterity, error management culture, and how these elements interplay to enhance SME innovation. Employing a deductive methodology within a post-positivist framework, the study collected quantitative cross-sectional data from 380 registered SMEs in major industrial cities of Pakistan. A structured questionnaire, derived from established scales, assessed factors such as innovation levels, entrepreneurial leadership, employee ambidexterity, and error management culture. With a response rate of 45%, the data were analyzed using SPSS software, employing descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings reveal that entrepreneurial leadership significantly enhances innovation in SMEs both directly and indirectly by promoting employee ambidexterity and fostering a culture of error management. Specifically, entrepreneurial leadership positively influences employee ambidexterity and error management culture, which in turn boost innovation. This study is original in its comprehensive examination of the interrelationships between entrepreneurial leadership, employee ambidexterity, and error management culture within the context of Pakistani SMEs. The study supports the hypotheses that entrepreneurial leadership, employee ambidexterity, and error management culture are crucial drivers of innovation in SMEs.

EFFECTIVENESS OF MALL ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING SKILLS DURING PREPARATION OF IELTS: STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION

2024-08-13T10:57:06+00:00

Mastering the skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing in English is crucial for effective communication and self-expression. Proficiency in these skills is crucial for confidently navigating in real-life situations and for the success of second language learners of English in examinations like IELTS, SAT, TOFEL, etc. The role of mobile devices is significant in this age of technology to learn English language learning skills. Therefore, the current study aims to examine the students' perception of the efficacy of MALL during the preparation of IELTS. In the current research, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) proposed by Davis (1989) is employed to analyze the Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use of MALL (PeoU). A mixed-method approach is employed, to collect the data. Sampling is done by using a non-probability sampling technique, combining purposive and convenience sampling. For qualitative data, interviews were conducted and a survey questionnaire was executed to collect quantitative data. The findings display that participants have positive perceptions of MALL usage. 81% of participants gave positive responses about the usefulness of MALL but 66% of participants agreed that they had encountered some challenges like internet connectivity problems, technical problems, and difficulty in finding targeted apps and reliable content while using MALL. The MALL integration with classroom learning positively influences their learning, as MALL was found to support their language learning experiences.

CHINESE LANDSCAPE IN “THE COURT OF GAYUMERTH” AND ITS COMPARISON WITH “DWELLING IN THE QINGBIAN MOUNTAINS (1366)

2024-08-19T09:57:22+00:00

The Chinese landscape style appeared in the Persian miniature from II-khanid times after Mongol invasion and became a part of Persian miniature even in Safavid Period painting as in Court of Gayumerth shows the appearance of Chinese painting elements. Chinese Landscape painting known as shanshui style appeared in 5^th century in Chinese art but remained popular even in Mongol Yuan and Ming dynasty. Dwelling in Qingbian Mountains (1366) have the elements of traditional Chinese landscape shanshui style that dominated by high mountains and rivers and have Daiost influence that explains these paintings have some intellectual reason and are not there just for a pleasure. These both elements are not only the part of Chinese paintings but also appeared in the Persian paintings as in Court of Gayumerth. The current study relates the elements of shanshu style in both paintings and Daoist concept. In the end by comparing the work it can be deduced that Persian painters have uses the traditional Chinese motifs and elements that have Chinese religious influences but did not alter traditional Persian conceptions.

Bridging Theory and Practice: AI Applications in Learning and Teaching in Pakistan’s Education System

2024-08-18T07:44:41+00:00

This study explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in educational settings highlighting the challenges and opportunities in Pakistani higher education AI has the potential to transform personalized learning, create professionalism, and provide teach- ing practices have improved. But its effective integration requires addressing industry gaps, providing appropriate teacher training, and guiding ethical considerations of data privacy Based on Jean Piaget’s constructivist theory (1980), the study examines how learning envi- ronments aided by AI influences intellectual development and educational outcomes. Qual- itative methods, including open-ended questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, were employed to gather insights from educators and students at Quaid-e-Azam University. The- matic analysis identified key barriers to adoption of AI and strategies suggested strategies for effective implementation for an effective learning experience. This research provides practical guidance for educators and policy makers aiming to harness the power of AI to create a just and effective educational environment in Pakistan.

The increasing trend of "Halal media," persistent issues, and possible solutions in the context of Islamic values

2024-08-18T08:16:37+00:00

BORROWING, CULTURAL APPROPRIATION, AND ADAPTATION IN THE TRANSLATION OF "HEART OF DARKNESS" INTO "QULB-E-ZULMAAT": AN ANALYSIS USING VINAY AND DARBELNET'S TRANSLATION MODEL

2024-08-19T08:18:56+00:00

This study examines the translation strategies used in the Urdu translation of Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" titled "Kulb-e-Zulmat (2001)" by Muhammad Salim-ur-Rehman Research borrowing, cultural appropriation , adaptation using the translation model of Vinay and Darbelnet and focuses on different approaches. Analysis shows how these techniques retain narrative authenticity, cultural relevance, and emotional intensity, making the text accessible to Urdu-speaking readers. Borrowing preserved specific terms without Urdu equivalents, culture appropriation adapted elements to match target culture, and adaptation ensured clarity and resonance which is necessary to draw attention. Suggestions for a future study include examining reader acceptance, comparative translation studies, and the potential of technology to improve translation practices.

BALANCING GROWTH AND EQUITY: THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON POVERTY AND INCOME INEQUALITY IN MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES

2024-08-19T12:14:23+00:00

This article examines the complex correlation between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), poverty, and income inequality in middle-income countries from 1972 to 2024. We use a detailed analysis along with visual data to show how foreign direct investment (FDI) has led to substantial economic growth in countries like China, India, and Brazil, especially during the 1990s and 2000s. Although there have been economic gains, the positive effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) have not been distributed equally, leading to varied results in reducing poverty and often worsening income inequality. The results of our research suggest that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has made a significant contribution to the creation of jobs and improvement in living standards. However, it is important to note that the effects of FDI differ significantly depending on the specific regions and economic structures. The analysis highlights the significance of local ability to absorb and utilize foreign direct investment (FDI) and the need for specific economic policies to optimize its positive impacts. Therefore, we suggest various policy recommendations, such as increasing investments in education and infrastructure, implementing progressive social policies, and promoting regional cooperation to ensure a fairer distribution of benefits from foreign direct investment (FDI). These strategies are essential for effectively utilizing foreign direct investment (FDI) to achieve inclusive and sustainable development, with the goal of reducing poverty and narrowing income inequalities in middle-income countries.

SILENT REVOLUTIONS: MASCULINITY, RELIGIOUS POWER, AND WOMEN'S RESILIENCE IN “THE WHISPERING CHINAR” BY ALI ’ROHILA

2024-08-21T13:34:08+00:00

This study examines Ali Rohila’s The Whispering Chinar, which deftly tackles problems of masculinity, spiritual validity, and the tenacity of victimized women in the medieval way of life. By using underlining cultural ideals that elevate assertiveness and strength at the same time as eroding societal stability, the novel’s tale analyses how guys’s unwavering quest for pleasure and honor creates competitiveness, prejudice, and narcissism. It explores how non-secular leaders distort belief systems to maintain energy, exposing their good-sized role in changing ethical norms to stifle dissent and preserve inequalities. The narrative points out the notable resilience of girls who endured extreme attacks, both bodily and mental, demonstrating diverse obstacles they face, such as destitution, social stigma, and prohibited admission to justice, at the same time as additionally emphasizing the ability for lady empowerment. The study strengthens its fundamental evaluation with supporting evidence with the aid of using number one records from the book and secondary statistics from feminist thoughts and different sources. The qualitative method of the study stresses the interplay among faith legitimacy, masculine satisfaction, and ladies’ resiliency. It concludes that Rohila skillfully explores these issues through language, character development, and syntax. Further study on gender dynamics and hierarchy of power would benefit significantly from this work, which deepens our comprehension of the socio-cultural dynamics of feudal civilizations.

FROM ‘VERBAL’ TO ‘VISUAL’ RHETORICAL FIGURES: A REVIEW OF CLASSIFICATIONS, TAXONOMIES AND TYPOLOGIES

2024-08-21T14:04:05+00:00

From classical antiquity to the postmodern ubiquity of advertising, rhetorical figures (verbal or visual) occupied the pivotal position in the Western theory of rhetoric and persuasion. Under the traditional categories of figures of speech and figures of thought, it is fair enough to regard them as the “graces of language”, as the “dressing of thought”, as “ornaments”, as “embellishments”, for truly they do “decorate” our everyday language and give it a “style,” in the couturier’s sense. However, it would be a misperception to regard ornamentation as the central or sole function of figures. Affectingly, they have the ability to captivate an audience, evoke emotions, and drive home a point with resonance. In order to explore such nuances of rhetorical figures, the present study delves deeper into their problem of terminological confusion(s) and their deep definitional complexities that have a rich history, evolving alongside the art of suasion and persuasion. In fact, the study aims at exploring the distinct evolution of rhetorical figures from their verbal origins to their modern visual applications. Lastly, the study examines various recent classifications, taxonomies and typologies of both verbal and visual rhetorical figures to highlight research gaps and avenues for future studies.

ETHICAL DIMENSIONS OF AI-DRIVEN SIGN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION: MOVING BEYOND SIGNS TO SYMBOLS

2024-08-21T14:42:55+00:00

With the development of AI-driven sign language translation technology, the deaf and hard-of-hearing groups may expect to have more access to services and information and to a reduction in communication gaps. However, careful consideration of the ethical ramifications of these developments is necessary. The ethical implications of AI-driven sign language translation are examined in this work, which emphasises the need to go beyond simple signs and instead focus on the complex contextual symbols that are inherent in sign languages. The risk of spreading misconceptions or mistakes, the quality and cultural sensitivity of translations, and the possible marginalisation of native sign language interpreters are some of the important topics covered. The report also discusses issues with data privacy, the inclusiveness of AI training datasets, and how technology can either strengthen or weaken deaf people's agency. By assessing these moral dilemmas, this study hopes to promote a more sophisticated understanding of how artificial intelligence (AI) can be created and applied in ways that honour and empower the deaf community, guaranteeing that advancements in technology are consistent with the values of justice and equity.

CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH LEARNING ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE IN SECONDARY EDUCATION

2024-08-21T14:50:59+00:00

The difficulties faced by secondary English learners in Dir Upper, Wari, are investigated in this study. It clarifies that a lot of the English teachers in this area are not properly trained in language teaching. The report also emphasizes how frequently teachers employ the Grammar Translation Method (GTM), which presents challenges for students because it forces them to draw comparisons between English and their home tongue—a method that is counterproductive to successful language learning. Additionally, the study highlights how reading comprehension is not given enough weight in Dir Upper, Wari English language training. Although it is a vital component of language development, reading comprehension is not given enough emphasis in the classroom. Furthermore, the research indicates that integrating native language training with English language instruction presents a number of challenges.Because Pashto and English have different grammatical structures, this bilingual method may cause confusion. As a result, pupils may try to translate directly using Pashto grammar rules. In summary, this study highlights the shortcomings in the English language education system in Dir Upper, Wari. It highlights the need for better teacher preparation, a move away from the GTM, and more attention to the development of reading skills. It also recommends reducing the amount of time spent in the student's native tongue during English instruction in order to improve the overall learning experience.

ROLE OF SAFETY HEALTH MEASURES IN PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEARING-IMPAIRED STUDENTS

2024-08-22T09:53:30+00:00

Safety health measures positioning for the physical growth of students with hearing impairment are first and most essential as this condition may cause deafness. Citing what follows, they have to cope with different obstacles that to a large degree affect the way they learn and grow. Having deafness can prevent the child to speak, be in social groups, and get involved into a physical activity. This is causing severe damage to the development of the child. Thus providing effective safety health measures is less about preparing a plan to avert damages it is about providing a setting that realizes employees' wholesome well-being. To assess the safety health measures which schools used to help the students in fulfilling their safety needs at elementary level. To identify factors which are contributing in improving student academic and physical improvement at the elementary level. What is the role of safety health measures in the schools that effects the achievement goals and academic emotions of children at elementary level? What is the main factors that effects the health measures and what difficulties are faced by students at elementary level in division Multan and D.G Khan. The researcher collected the data personally by visiting to every single respondent. Questionnaire were distributed to 138 respondents in which 108 are male and 30 are females from division Multan & D.G Khan. Respondent responds to the questionnaires which represent (100%) return rate. Significant objective of the study was to examine “The Role of Safety Health Measures in the Physical Development of Hearing Impaired Students”. The respondents of the present study were both male and female students with hearing impairment. The data were collected through questionnaires. A questionnaire was contained 138 items for students with hearing impairment at elementary level schools. Quantitative methods were utilized in the research. In this investigation, we employed a quantitative strategy. Data were assessed in relation to the study's aims and questions since the research deals with the topic of safety health measures and their impact on the physical development of students who are hard of hearing. Methods such as frequency, t-test, mean & standard deviation were employed to examine the records.

Unlocking Organizational Performance in Public Hospitals: The Strategic Linkage between Procurement Planning and Internal Audit Interdependency

2024-08-23T15:27:47+00:00

The present research explores the role of procurement planning in the context of organisational performance in the public sector by analyzing the mediating influence of internal audit interdependency. This work utilized a quantitative research design, and data was collected from respondents using an adapted research questionnaire. Participants for the study were selected from the 201 employees of public hospitals in Pakistan. This study adopted structural equation modelling (SEM), and the data was analysed using software known as SmartPLS version 3. The results confirm all hypothesized relationships so stated and tested in this study. B pleads that procurement planning positively and significantly influences both organisational performance and internal audit interdependency. Moreover, the findings of interdependency between internal audits revealed that the internal audit interdependency had a positive relationship with the organisational performance. Clearly, a mediating effect was highlighted; internal audit interdependency was established as the partial mediator between procurement planning and organisational performance. The results underscore the need for developing the position of procurement planning as one of the most crucial skills for public sector organisations, as well as strengthening cooperation between the procurement division and internal auditors. There are important recommendations for managers: seek to build up the capability of, and cooperation between, procurement planning and operational procurement functions; enlist additional support from the internal audit function to improve organisational performance.

Representation of Feminism through the Images on Banners and Postcards Displayed at Aurat March in Pakistan: A Multimodal Perspective

2024-08-25T07:10:51+00:00

In this digitalized society where communication has moved from written texts to images and videos, people are more comfortable in seeing images and scrolling videos as compared to reading textual data. Among all the fields of life affected by this digital revolution significantly, one is the feminist movement. Feminism has taken many forms in a patriarchal country Pakistan where women have always strived for their rights as equal to males in the society. A modern form of these feminist movements is “Aurat March” being celebrated by Pakistani female community on “International Women’s Day” by walking on the roads carrying banners and postcards protesting and asking for the equal rights for their gender (Batool, 2021). The current study aims to analyse these banners and postcards through the multimodal perspective. The objective is to unveil the true representation of feminism through the images of these banners and postcards. five images (banners or postcards) displayed in the “Aurat March” have been selected as the sample of the study through purposive sampling technique. It is a descriptive qualitative study that uses Kress and van Leeuwen's visual grammar (2006) framework. The multimodal discourse analysis has been used as the method of the study. The results of the study revealed that the majority of main participants in these images were women, and they were performing different gestures to represent the notions of feminist resistance, the hate for patriarchy the demand for gender equality, and the strength of female solidarity, conveyed through powerful visual and symbolic representations.

Rhetorical and Stylistic analysis of English Translations of ‘Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam’

2024-08-24T05:15:42+00:00

This research deals with the stylistic analysis of English translation of Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. It tells how modern stylistic elements can be used in revival of old literature to make it attractive and famous. In addition, how an old literature can compete with the modern literature in terms of creative language use. Fitzgerald use different techniques in his translations to make poetry interesting and periphrastic. The study was exploratory in design and random sample of 40 English translated stanzas of Omar Khyam poetry were taken to undergo content and stylistic analysis of the text. Fitzgerald mainly uses deviation and parallelism in his poetry and it makes great turnout to make his work publically famous and attractive. Different types of deviation and parallelism are used in to invoke the poetical rhetoric of the text. However, it has also been found that the translated version of the poetry does not correlate with the poetical rhetoric of the original text by Omar Khayam. The study strongly recommends pursuing further research in this domain to compare the source and translated texts of the poetry.

An Exploration of Multiple Subject Positions of Pakistani Women in Afzal Khan’s Memoir

2024-08-26T08:14:33+00:00

The present research article aims to explore Fawzi Afzal Khan’s memoir Lahore With Love Growing up With Girlfriends Pakistani Style while integrating theoretical framework presented by Islamic feminist scholars such as Mernissi, Moghissi, Kahf, khan and Zine. This research is qualitative in nature because it aims to view social reality regarding women as constantly shifting. The findings bring to light the presence of plurality and relativity in Pakistani’s women’s lives. Fawzia Afzal Khan is a postmodern author who is skeptic of the fixed identities and stereotypical roles of Pakistani women. The findings further reveal that Fawzia Afzal Khan has tried to depict the multiple subject positions of Pakistani women through the lives of her girlfriends. In this way she has presented an alternative herstory of Pakistan.

Wordsworth on Trial: De-romanticizing the Poet Laureate

2024-09-09T07:16:37+00:00

Wordsworth’s poetry, and in the massive body of literary criticism that followed his works, establish him firmly as a revered poet-prophet of the people that preached simplicity and love for Nature, elevating him to a saintly status in literary canon. This study, however, employs Deconstruction as a lens in order to bring the Poet Laureate to trial, and critically evaluate the credibility of this accorded status. The personage and poetry of William Wordsworth shall be examined by utilizing a deconstructive lens, which entails not only a close, unbiased examination of his poetry and the elements it portrayed, but also an investigation of verifiable facts about the poet’s personal life. To ensure a fair trial, a balanced introduction shall be presented in order to establish key facts about Wordsworth and his literary contributions; this will be followed by a thorough examination of his work and critical opinions with the aim to de-romanticize the celebrated poet. Deconstructive approach will be cohesively applied in order to determine what Wordsworth truly was: a great Romantic poet of the people that loved Nature truly, or a clever opportunist who tapped into nostalgic sentiments to make his name- both in real life, and in the literary world.

INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF SONGS ON VOCABULARY OF HIGH SCHOOL ESL LEARNERS OF THE SELECTED PRIVATE SCHOOLS IN LAHORE

2024-08-28T04:26:57+00:00

The purpose of this study was to find out how songs impact ESL students' vocabulary studying in a private high school in Lahore. Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences served as the study's theoretical foundation. The quantitative study used a survey and quasi-experimental approach. The research subjects were thirty ninth and tenth grades from several private schools in Lahore. The students were selected through convenience sampling. This study used pre- and post-tests as a basis for quasi-experimental research. The impact of the selected treatment was analyzed through SPSS software, using the paired t test. The Songs technique seems to have a marginally greater impact on vocabulary scores than the conventional technique, as indicated by the higher Cohen's d. Language Policy makers, curriculum designers and teachers may find the results valuable in incorporating songs as teaching methodology in the curriculum and classroom activities.

Significance of Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) for English Language Learning in Digital Age: A Review

2024-08-28T14:08:38+00:00

The transformation of CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning) into MALL ( Mobile Assisted Language Learning) has raised the significance of language learning through technology. Basics concepts reveal the smart and remote learning of a language through MALL. The emergence of MALL has raised the question of the availability of the Internet, skills and attraction. The study is based on a literature review to understand the significance of MALL in changing language learning styles. The study found that trends has transformed the ways and means of language learning. Through MALL, one can easily access knowledge, key language practices, and pragmatics across different cultures. It is also found that besides feasibility, the major issue Aare time management. MALL also provides opportunities for various applications to be created and used in the changing global spectrum of English language learning too.

THE RISE OF ONLINE NEWS BLOGS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: MOTIVATIONS, CONSUMPTION PATTERNS, AND SOCIAL CAPITAL IMPLICATIONS

2024-08-31T13:42:13+00:00

Online news blogs are continuously emerging and expanding in today’s world, becoming an increasingly popular source of information. This rapid proliferation of online news blogs has transformed the way university students in Lahore consume news. This shift from traditional media to digital platforms has implications for their motivations, perceived credibility, consumption patterns, and social capital. The study explores how these changes influence students’ news consumption habits, motivations behind choosing specific blogs, their trust in these sources, and the resulting impact on their social capital. This study utilized a cross-sectional research design to explore the research objectives. To ensure robust and representative findings, an empirical investigation was conducted on a stratified random sample of 562 media students from twelve public and private universities. This approach allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the perspectives and behaviors of media students across diverse educational institutions, providing valuable insights into the research questions. Findings provide the sight of university students’ use of online news blogs and their impact on motivation, perceived credibility, and social capital. It finds a positive relationship between frequent blog consumption and increased motivation, trust in information, and social connections. Statistical analysis shows that blog consumption, reading motivation, and credibility trust are strong predictors of social capital. The study also highlights that older students have higher social capital and are more engaged with blogs. Existing literature supports these findings, showing that blogs enhance social connections, provide diverse information, and influence credibility perceptions based on users’ trust in the content.

USE OF ELECTRONIC WORD OF MOUTH (E-WOM) FOR TOURISM DESTINATION SELECTION ACROSS PUNJAB PAKISTAN

2024-08-31T13:49:08+00:00

In the context of contemporary trends in the tourism market, marketing communication has reached a new level. As a means of sharing information, ideas, and emotions to achieve specific outcomes, marketing communication is crucial for the tourism industry. To address the challenges of modern society, marketing professionals need to recognize the advantages of electronic word-of-mouth (e-WOM). Its features offer great flexibility in terms of accessibility, a high level of reliability, and the ability to instantly reach a vast audience. The purpose of this study is to determine the role and importance of e-WOM in the travel decision-making process, given its numerous benefits and advantages.

This study is based cross sectional research design. To achieve the research objective, empirical research was conducted on a convenience sample of 156 Pakistani citizens. The study results showed that e-WOM's effects are the only true indicator of the value of products or services, considering their independence, objectivity, and the fact that they are not paid for, fabricated, or falsified. This paper contributes to both theory and practice by demonstrating the importance of the e-WOM concept in the travel decision-making process. Despite being conducted on a convenience sample, this study provides valuable insights into respondents' attitudes toward e-WOM. For tourist companies, e-WOM offers an objective presentation of products and services at minimal cost, often having a greater impact on sales and competitiveness compared to other forms of advertising.

Hijab-ing Dissent: Responses to Javeri's Hijabistan and the Limits of Academic Discourse in Pakistan

2024-09-02T16:39:03+00:00

This article is a case study of the critical response generated by Sabyn Javeri’s anthology of short stories Hijabistan in Pakistan, as gleaned from locally published literary and research publications. It argues that these responses, while often methodologically flawed, offer a valuable window into the prevailing ideological landscape of Pakistan. The stories are seen to be fuelled by ‘liberal Western values’, and are claimed to be demonising the hijab and, by extension, devout Muslims. In some cases, the course correction proposed is a reeducation in true Islamic teachings for local women, including Javeri herself. We situate such reactions in their larger ideological backdrop, claiming that they spring from a hesitancy to acknowledge and examine the challenge of modernity. The result is a tendency to essentialise the veil, and a reluctance to engage with the complexities of Javeri’s work. The article also highlights counterarguments to its main proposition, while emphasising the need for a more nuanced understanding of the hijab and its representations in literature. Ultimately, the article calls for a deeper engagement with internal contestations within Muslim societies regarding modernity, identity, and women’s rights.

Human Needs Theory: A Case Study of Syria

2024-09-03T13:50:47+00:00

This research papers aims to explore the different dynamics of ‘Human Needs Theory’ with its special reference to Syria. The pattern of emerging any conflict in the middle east is somehow the same. Protests are organized and later they met with the strong measures of the forces. More suppression and marginalization backfires as the people grow more anti-state and the destructive conflict erupts in that country disrupting the peace of entire region. Human Needs theory mainly enlightens about the reason of the conflict that are originated due to unmet human needs. The reason that the destructive conflict erupted in Syria and ‘Human Needs Theory’ suggests the reasons and resolution to the conflict would be presented.

Critical Analysis of The Enchanted Garden under Propp’s Model

2024-09-06T12:06:10+00:00

"Enchanted garden" typically refers to a magical or fantastical garden that is often portrayed in literature, art, or folklore. The term evokes a sense of wonder and enchantment, suggesting that the garden is not ordinary but possesses magical or mystical qualities. In various stories and myths, an enchanted garden may be a place where magical creatures dwell, where plants have extraordinary properties, or where the atmosphere is imbued with a sense of otherworldly beauty. Enchanted gardens are common in fairy tales and fantasy literature, often serving as settings for adventures or as places of refuge and transformation. Propp's model, focusing on the structure of folktales, can be applied to narratives featuring enchanted gardens. In the context of an enchanted garden tale, the hero, often a protagonist seeking adventure or a transformative experience, may receive a mandate or quest that leads them to this magical realm. The enchanted garden itself may function as the sought-after place, embodying the magical or mystical elements typical of Propp's narrative functions. Within the garden, the hero may encounter a variety of characters representing Propp's categories, such as a donor providing magical objects or information, a villain opposing the hero's presence, or helpers aiding in navigating the garden's challenges. The princess or sought-for person could be a symbolic element within the garden, representing an ultimate goal or revelation. The dispatcher, typically an initiator of the hero's quest, might set the hero on the path to discover or access the enchanted garden. Thus, Propp's model can be a useful lens to analyze the roles and functions of characters within the structure of a tale featuring an enchanted garden, providing insights into the narrative dynamics and thematic elements at play. This article critically analyses the literature of “Enchanted Garden” in its relation to Propp’s model.

Implementation of the Process Approach for Enhancement of Writing Skills in English as a Second Language among Elementary School Students

2024-09-09T06:22:24+00:00

The process approach is a systematic procedure of learning writing in English as a second language. The study used a pre-experimental research type based on the one-group pretest-posttest design. The current study sample consisted of 129 students of 8th grade selected through convenience sampling technique. The content validity of the Academic Writing Motivation Questionnaire (AWMQ) was confirmed by five English language educational experts. The reliability of the (AWMQ) was ensured by applying Cronbach Alpha’s score; .750. The collected data were analyzed employing mean, median, standard deviation, and One-Sample T-test to reveal significant differences between pre-test and post-test interventions. The overall results of the study reported no significant difference between pre-test and post-test opinions of writing skills; furthermore, the mean value difference is positive. Based on the results of the study, it was recommended that the government may provide resources facilitates to teachers and students in developing writing skills. Policymakers may focus on providing human and material resources for effective English language writing skills. The curriculum developers included content and learning strategies for second language writing learning skills. Teacher training institutions may focus on developing modules and training teachers on contemporary English writing skills. Head teachers may bind teachers to implement a writing process approach in English as a second language to enhance writing skills among elementary school students. Additional writing classes may arrange to improve the writing skills of students.

Thought Waves: Integrating Ideas and Dialogue in Educational Development

2024-09-09T12:16:42+00:00

The imperative to master the essential lingua franca, which is clearly English in the modern world, coupled with the ambition to achieve communicative competence in this language, has driven many educators in the realm of language pedagogy to devise a range of advancements related to linguistic theory and the production of instructional resources. Currently, there is a broad selection of teaching materials designed to foster the communicative competence of students at various levels available in the marketplace. Nevertheless, a strong sentiment persists that a gap still exists, necessitating attention to ensure that learners attain a high level of proficiency in the foreign language. This paper seeks to propose an innovative pedagogical resource in the form of a dictionary focused on ideas and communication. It will outline the key characteristics of this reference work, which is anticipated to assist learners in enhancing their communicative competence in a thorough manner. The dictionary will encompass essential concepts related to the social, cultural, and material aspects of life that are necessary for students at both tertiary and advanced levels. It will be organized according to specific social domains, speech events, and speech acts, making it the most comprehensive educational tool ever developed for learners to utilize effectively and autonomously.

Religio Political Role of Ahmed Raza Khan Brelvi in Freedom Movement

2024-09-09T16:06:18+00:00

By Searching the pages of Indian history there is a list of Religious personalities who have worked tirelessly to achieve this homeland and we have been blessed with this free atmosphere where we are breathing. In the war of independence and freedom movement, the scholars of Ahl-e-Sunnah and Mashaikh Tariqat have played a very fundamental role There is no doubt that Pakistan was achieved on the basis of the two-nation theory. Maulana Ahmed Raza Khan Brelvi, his successors, his scholars and students of thought had complete faith in the two-nation theory. He did not accept any agreement and alliance with either the Hindu or British. This paper will explore the significant role that Ahmad Raza Khan and his followers played in the partition of the Indian subcontinent. The study is designed to be exploratory, descriptive, and analytical.

Jain Icons and Idols in Pakistan: Examples from Sri Pārśvanāth Jain Svetambar Mandir Multan

2024-09-09T16:04:50+00:00

This research paper encapsulates the Pictorial representation of Jain Gods, literary known as Tirthankaras, comprises major part of artistic features of religious edifices of Jainism. Most often more than single depiction of Jain idols is to be seen in a single Jain temple. Some of the popular tirthankaras are always depicted along with the main deity to whom the temple is associated. The present research paper is also about one of such Jain shrines where a significant number of Jain gods are depicted on façade of the main chamber. The temple itself is associated with Lord Pārśvanāth, the 23^rd or the second last tirthankaras of Jain religion. The present research aims at highlighting various aspects related to figural representation of these divine beings including the way they are depicted in narrative art of Jainism in Pakistan. Furthermore, the research would help us to understand basic principles of Jain iconography followed by the community of Pakistan.

UNDERSTANDING CRIME THROUGH SOCIOECONOMIC LENSES: EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

2024-09-16T07:51:45+00:00

This study investigates the correlation between socioeconomic factors and crime rates. A study revealed that higher levels of education, especially among women, can have an impact on crime rates. This impact can be attributed to improved reporting of crimes or increased socioeconomic tensions. Nevertheless, a robust inverse relationship was discovered between the level of education among women and the occurrence of crime, underscoring the significance of empowering women through education to mitigate criminal activity. Economic indicators, such as GDP, demonstrated a negligible direct influence on crime rates, indicating that economic expansion in isolation does not necessarily lead to decreased crime. The positive correlation between population density and crime indicates that densely populated areas have higher crime rates because of social tensions and resource competition. The study proposes a comprehensive strategy to tackle crime, which involves allocating resources to educational initiatives, fostering inclusive economic development, improving social services, addressing issues related to population density, implementing employment programs that target specific groups, and promoting community policing and reporting of criminal activities.

Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Open and Distance Learning (ODL) institutions: Opportunities, Challenges, and the Way Forward

2024-09-19T14:40:23+00:00

This paper examines the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Open and Distance Learning (ODL) institutions, discussing the opportunities and challenges it presents, as well as strategies for effective implementation in the future. AI has the potential to offer personalized learning experiences, increase engagement, and streamline administrative processes in education. However, it also brings concerns related to data privacy, bias, and the need for substantial infrastructure investments. The purposive sampling technique selected 5 faculty members from different universities. A semi-structured interview guide was developed to get data from the participants. Data was analyzed thematically by facilitation of NVivo 14. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of AI's current state in ODL, explore the implications of its adoption, and suggest actionable steps for institutions to address these challenges. The study concluded. AI can provide and enhance academic and management skills of open distance learning.

Structural and Magnetic Properties of Co2FeAl Full Heusler Alloys synthesized by Hydrothermal Method

2024-09-16T08:13:58+00:00

Full heusler alloys have attracted the attention of research community owing to its potential applications in spintronic devices. Hydrothermal technique is used to prepare Co2FeAl full Heusler alloys. Molarity of the electrolytes is varied as 1.2M, 1.4M, 1.6M, 1.8M & 2.0M. The prepared Co2FeAl full Heusler alloys nanoparticles are characterized by XRD, VSM, FTIR and hall measurements. Mixed phases of Co2FeAl -hexagonal and CoAl-tetragonal are observed for the samples having molarity ranging from 1.2M to 1.6M. Whereas, pure Co2FeAl hexagonal phase is attained for the samples prepared with 1.8M & 2.0M solutions. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectra) is recorded for the Co2FeAl based full-heuslar alloy nanoparticles with varying molarity ranging from (1.2M-2.0M) that is done in the range of mid IR (300-500 cm-1). FTIR analyzes structural & chemical changes due to different functional-groups. Magnetic analysis of Co2FeAl based full-heuslar alloy nanoparticles shows the soft ferromagnetic behavior for all the samples. Current-voltage (I- V) characteristics are measured for the variation in molarities. Temperature dependent Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics are measured for the samples with pure Co2FeAl full heuslar alloy structure i.e. sample prepared with 2.0 M solution

EXISTENTIAL FAILING IN DANIYAL MUEENUDDIN'S SHORT STORY “SALEEMA”

2024-09-19T12:06:45+00:00

Daniyal Mueenuddin’s short story, “Saleema” is a miserable protagonist’s journey invoking the difficulties and complexities of existential struggles predominantly due tolack of meaning, apprehension between freedom and responsibility, isolation, the quest for authentic relationships, and the influencing social and economic factors. Grounding the core argument on theoretical underpinnings of existentialism as contended by Sartre and Frankl, the paper explores the murky layers of human existence, focusing on the story’s protagonist’s struggle in search for meaning and purpose of life. Navigating the thematic notions of despair and obscurity of communal expectations, the study underscores the protagonist’s suppressed personal aspirations and her desires and societal constraints symbolizes deeper meaning of the existential void. The paper illuminates the nuanced portrayal of existential failing/failure, foregrounding the impacts of peripheral factors in individual’s existential experiences which include cultural and communal forces on individual identity. The study also explores Saleema's internal conflicts, the choices she makes, and the consequences of those choices within the context of her cultural milieu.

Circular Economy Practices in Food Supply Chains: A Catalyst for Improved Environmental Performance Through Sustainability Orientation

2024-09-20T07:08:42+00:00

The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of circular economy practices (CEP), sustainability orientation (SO), and environmental performance (EP) within food supply chain firms in Pakistan. In order to test the proposed hypotheses, the data were gathered from 229 participants. In the current research study, we used quantitative research and structural equation modelling SEM applied in the SmartPLS version. The current research results suggest that CEP positively and significantly impacts SO and EP. In addition, it was recommended that the SO relationship between CEP and EP be established for Pakistan's in-food supply chain firms as a developing country. Thus, extending the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory, it is possible to indicate that circular economy offerings are valuable resources for obtaining competitive advantages in food supply chain firms. In that regard, the study offers managerial implications for the organization to implement circular economy strategies and foster a more sustainable culture. In conclusion, this research pays attention to the fact that organizations, businesses and industries must embrace circular economy and sustainability values to reduce their negative impact on the environment and work towards sustainable solutions in the long run.

Decoding Consumer Perception: The Cognitive Mechanisms of Psychological Pricing on Student Purchasing Behavior

2024-09-22T14:50:00+00:00

Psychological pricing is a key strategy businesses use to influence consumer behavior through pricing tactics that appeal to psychological and emotional aspects of purchasing decisions. This study, conducted via a Google Forms survey of 83 individuals, aims to investigate the impact and relation of psychological pricing on student perception, examining how students perceive prices and make purchasing decisions based on pricing strategies. Recognizing consumer behavior is essential for effective marketing plans, and evidence shows that psychological pricing communicates meaning to consumers. This study uses secondary data from research papers, monographs, theses, popular articles, and newspapers to examine the impact of psychological pricing on consumer buying behavior. Findings indicate that socio-demographic factors like age, income, education, gender, lifestyle, family size, reference groups, social roles, status, and psychological patterns like representativeness, product availability, and anchoring heuristics, influence consumer buying behavior. Price-cognizant consumers are more likely to select nine-ending prices, with low-involvement customers, those with minimal hedonic and symbolic attachment profiles, low education, low income, and younger customers being more prone to select nine-ending priced products and services. These findings affect retailers, pricing managers, researchers, academicians, society, and government.

Depiction of the Global Village in the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales: A Metaphoric Study

2024-09-23T08:34:24+00:00

This study explores how Geoffrey Chaucer's Prologue to The Canterbury Tales metaphorically represents the concept of a "global village" by examining the diversity of its characters, their social backgrounds, and cultural exchanges. By drawing on Marshall McLuhan's theory of the global village, the research demonstrates that medieval societies exhibited early forms of interconnectedness through trade, cultural exchange, and shared religious practices, much like our modern globalized world. Through a qualitative analysis of Chaucer's work, using George Lakoff's theory of metaphor, this study highlights the relevance of the global village concept in understanding medieval society. The research further connects medieval societal dynamics to contemporary notions of globalization, offering a deeper understanding of Chaucer's work and its broader implications for both literary and historical studies.

TO EXPLORE THE MEDIATING ROLE OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN ASSOCIATION OF BULLYING VICTIMIZATION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING AMONG ORPHANS LIVING IN ORPHANAGES

2024-09-25T15:34:27+00:00

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between bullying victimization, social exclusion, and psychological well-being among orphans living in orphanages. The research explored the mediating role of social exclusion in the association between bullying victimization and psychological well-being. A sample of 250 orphans participated in the study, and data were collected using the Multidimensional Bullying Victimization Scale (MBVS), the Scale for Social Exclusion (SCP), and the Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWB). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS23. The findings revealed that bullying victimization had a significant negative impact on psychological well-being among orphans. Higher levels of bullying victimization were associated with lower levels of psychological well-being. Furthermore, social exclusion was found to mediate the relationship between bullying victimization and psychological well-being. The study indicated that orphans who experienced more bullying victimization also reported higher levels of social exclusion, which in turn contributed to decreased psychological well-being. Gender differences were also observed in the study. Female orphans reported higher rates of victimization from bullying and depressive symptoms compared to male orphans. On the other hand, male orphans reported higher levels of perceived social support, perceived school safety, and perceived discrimination. These findings suggest that victimization due to bullying may be a significant risk factor for female orphans, influencing their psychological well-being. The results of this study emphasize the importance of addressing bullying victimization and social exclusion among orphans in institutional settings. Interventions and support systems should be implemented to prevent and mitigate the negative consequences of bullying victimization and promote inclusive and supportive environments. By understanding the unique challenges faced by orphans, especially in terms of gender differences, targeted interventions can be developed to enhance their psychological well-being and overall resilience.

ASSESSING STUDENTS' ACADEMIC STRESS THROUGH E-LEARNING

2024-10-02T09:33:31+00:00

Despite the increasing adoption of E-Learning in Pakistan, empirical research on academic stress within these digital environments remains limited. This quasi-experimental study addresses this research gap by investigating academic stressors and coping mechanisms among students at COMSATS University engaged in E-Learning. The study involves a sample of 60 students currently enrolled in E-Learning programs and 60 students participating in traditional classroom settings. Participants are selected using purposive sampling to ensure the E-Learning group comprises students actively enrolled in online courses, while the traditional group consists of students attending in-person classes.

A quasi-experimental design is employed, incorporating pre and post intervention surveys to assess academic stress levels and coping strategies. Data are collected through structured questionnaires, enabling a comparative analysis of stress and coping mechanisms between the two groups. The research aims to determine whether significant differences exist in academic stress levels and coping strategies between E-Learning participants and traditional learners.

The findings are anticipated to provide evidence-based recommendations for COMSATS University to enhance the E-Learning experience and better support student well-being. This study will contribute to a nuanced understanding of the impact of E-Learning on academic stress and offer actionable insights for improving online education practices in Pakistan.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL EFFECTS OF POLITICAL ACTIVISM THROUGH ICTS AMONG THE STUDENTS OF UOS, SARGODHA AND BZU, MULTAN.

2024-10-03T07:08:52+00:00

This study investigates the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) among university students in Pakistan, focusing on their perceptions, usage patterns, and the impact of ICTs on political activism. A total of 300 students from the University of Sargodha (UOS) and Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU) Multan participated in the survey, providing insights into demographic characteristics, gender differences, and the challenges faced in utilizing ICTs for political purposes.

The findings reveal a generally positive perception of ICTs as tools for political engagement, with significant differences observed in the reliance on ICTs for political developments based on gender. Female students demonstrated a higher reliance on ICTs compared to their male counterparts. Analysis of ICT usage patterns indicated that while both groups engage in similar levels of political participation and sharing of political content, students from BZU exhibited a more purposeful engagement with ICTs for various political activities.

Correlation analyses further highlighted complex relationships among key variables, suggesting that students' expression of political opinion does not necessarily correlate with an increase in political knowledge. Despite acknowledging the empowering role of ICTs, significant challenges remain, including concerns about trust in online content and fear of repercussions for expressing political views.

Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of ICTs in the context of political activism among youth in Pakistan and emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to enhance students' engagement with digital platforms for political purposes.

CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF VICE CHANCELLOR'S MESSAGES OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES IN MULTAN

2024-10-07T12:29:00+00:00

The present research study seeks to find out how language is employed by University leaders to build institutional image, express power and influence the reactions of the audience. The researchers engage in a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of the messages provided by the Vice Chancellors of five public and private Universities in Multan, Pakistan. Thus, within the context of analyzing these messages, this study utilizes the model developed by Fairclough in the speeches published for the students who served as the speeches' audience. The target population of this study involves the vice-chancellors of the five different public and private universities present in Multan. These messages were extracted from the respective university official website which are posted to inform students about various programs offered by the universities and various guidelines in relation to admission. Thus, examining the operative of power, authority and institutional discourse, this research enlightens the reader ‘(how and where)’ the educational narratives are constructed in socio-political landscapes of Pakistan. This analysis advances the knowledge of discourse in higher education leadership, particularly revealing how university administrators employ language to navigate their organizations’ image and impact stakeholders. The outcome of the present study can help in the identification of discrete linguistic behaviors of the public and private university in Pakistan.

GENDER, RACE AND IDENTITY: AN INTERSECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF ELHILLO’S HOME IS NOT A COUNTRY

2024-10-07T12:37:03+00:00

This research critically explores the composite features of race, identity, class and gender that are netted through Crenshaw’s (1989) perspective in Elhillo’s ‘Home is not a country’. Based on the emphasis placed on the main character’s path towards finding their self, the study concerns itself with how the main character fully engages in the process of both personal development and identity formation. Furthermore, the analysis provides deeper insight into the experiences of oppression faced by the protagonist in ‘Home is not a Country’ focuses on how race, gender, and other forms of immigration and financial barriers construct the hero’s subjectivity. Two predominantly narrative themes stand out in the novel; the issue of belonging and Islamophobia. The researcher examines these themes, as well as how they are portrayed and how they influence the process of identity construction of the protagonist. Thus, the researchers uncover the nuances of intersectionality in Elhillo’s ‘Home is not a Country’ and provide readers with better understanding of the diverse problems of cultural representation and identity both in the text and in the contemporary society. Lastly, the conclusion of this scholarly work elucidates the importance of intersectionality based on Elhillo’s selected novel. It does not only propel academic literature but also raises awareness and understanding among the general public about the significance of intersectionality in the construction of cultural selves and coping with the complexities of varied racial and identity crises.

EMPOWERING SCHOOL TEACHERS: EXPLORING THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN TEACHERS' PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR, AND LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS

2024-10-08T07:39:03+00:00

This study aimed to gather teachers' psychological empowerment on their principals' leadership skills, and their organizational behaviors. The study aimed to examine the link among all stated factors and assess the mediating influence of psychological empowerment on the organizational behaviors of public sector teachers in their schools. A questionnaire was created to accomplish these objectives, utilizing insights from literature analysis and expert consultations. 361 instructors were recruited for the research using convenience sampling. After data collection, information was coded and input into SPSS for tabulation and result generation. The study's findings indicated that, according to instructors, all dependent and independent factors were at a high level of agreement among teachers. A substantial positive correlation existed between psychological empowerment and effective leadership, positive organizational behavior, and negative behavior. It is advisable that this type of study be undertaken independently across different educational levels and employ a mixed-methods approach to provide a more comprehensive understanding and analysis.

THE ROLE OF YOUTUBE COMMERCIALS IN ECONOMIC GROWTH OF PAKISTAN

2024-11-11T15:29:40+00:00

The purpose of the present research is to examine the effect of “You-tube” commercials on the economic growth of Pakistani Economy by applying the postulates of cultivation theory. Further, the study identifies the impact of the “YouTube” digital advertising on the purchasing power of consumer behavior, brand loyalty, and several economic dimensions in Pakistan. To achieve the objectives, a cross-sectional survey research was conducted, the data from the Pakistani consumers of various groups, who were actively using “YouTube” for advertising were collected. According to the study, the observation shows that the “YouTube” commercials significantly improve the brand recognition and the consumers’ attention, which in turn results in better sales and revenue for the small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The study also discussed the changing parameters from traditional media to digital media. Therefore, the study also reveals the increasing economic development opportunities for new jobs and attracting foreign investments through as well. The findings of this study support the businesses activity and help the policy makers, how can use the digital media to promote the business activity. The implications of the findings indicate the support of “You Tube” towards the economic growth. Also, this study will help in filling the gap of identifying how consumers engage with “YouTube” commercials and the importance of such patterns for Pakistan’s growth by highlighting few factors in order to enhance marketing strategies and the economy

EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN DISTRICT BAHAWAL NAGAR: A MULTIFACETED ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES

2024-10-11T16:29:30+00:00

This study aims to understand why people in District Bahawal Nagar, Pakistan, make choices about using birth control methods. It recognizes the importance of family planning for individuals and communities, particularly in regions like Bahawal Nagar, where access to healthcare and education may vary. The research problem is related to understanding factors affecting contraceptive use in the district of Bahawal Nagar. It investigates how social class, psychological attitudes, and religious views affect contraceptive decisions. A qualitative methodology based on a multi-perspective concept was implemented. Different perspectives from the community were sought using surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions. Results point to a complex of factors that individual and social backgrounds influence simply the contraceptive use. Our ability to access and use different types of birth control is deeply linked to socioeconomic factors, with income and education playing an undeniable role. Moreover, psychosocial variables, knowledge, attitudes, and perceived barriers are considered equally important in conversations. Inequities thus have consequences for the way moral, legal and religiously sanctioned sexism is disproportionately enforced as it affects one's decision to use contraceptives. Conclusions This research highlights the importance of considering the multifaceted determinants of contraceptive use when designing policies and programs on family planning in the study area of District Bahawal Nagar. This underscores the need for patient-oriented interventions that consider the economic, psychological, and religious determinants and help provide the patients with information that will empower them to make informed decisions about their fertility while preserving their ability to have children and have optimal reproductive health. These data indicate that multiple approaches, including educational interventions, greater access to contraceptives, and engagement with faith-based communities and KOLs, are needed for long-term success. Furthermore, family planning services should also be integrated with existing health facilities, improving access adaption among all the different population groups in District Bahawal Nagar.

Discourse, Ideology and Youth Engagement: A Critical Analysis of Imran Khan's Speeches

2024-10-13T14:26:49+00:00

Language plays a crucial role in human beings' lives. Every culture has its own specification of words and dialect of speaking language. Through the language, politicians project their ideologies. The focus of this study is Imran Khan's chosen political addresses. This is a single-contextual research approach that employs a qualitative research methodology. Critical discourse analysis is used to examine language and power dynamics in discourse by analyzing the data. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is used in a qualitative research design to study Imran Khan's speeches and their influence on Pakistani youth. The Fairclough model—textual analysis, processing analysis, and socio-cultural analysis—is followed by the CDA framework in order to identify themes, metaphors, rhetorical devices, and framing tactics in the addresses. By conducting a thorough textual analysis, the study reveals how Khan built his political image and interacted with the public through the deliberate use of words, syntax, coherence, and rhetorical devices that define his addresses. The processing analysis reveals how Khan places himself in the larger political context of Pakistan by highlighting the interconnected and interdiscursive aspects of his discourse. Through a study of how Khan's speech conveys and shapes power dynamics, ideologies, and values within society, the socio-cultural analysis makes connections between these results and broader political and social frameworks. The results show that young people are greatly impacted by Khan's rhetoric, which shapes their opinions on political and social problems and influences their political activity.

UNRAVELING LAND LITIGATION: UNDERSTANDING CAUSES, IMPACTS, AND STRATEGIES FOR RESOLUTION IN DISTRICT BAHAWALNAGAR

2024-10-18T13:16:57+00:00

This study aims to identify and analyses the determinants of land litigation in Pakistan by applying a qualitative approach. Data was collected through interviews with a diverse group of key stakeholders, including additional district collectors, deputy commissioners, assistant commissioners, tehsildars, patwaris, lawyers, and revenue officers. The study reveals that major determinants of land litigation include Land Mafias and Corruption, Legal and Administrative Issues, Urbanization and Development, Socio-Economic Factors, Disparities Created by the British Land Revenue System, and Colonial Land Grants and the Zamindari System. Each of these themes encompasses several specific factors contributing to land disputes. The findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay of these determinants and offer insights that can be applied to address and mitigate issues related to land mafias and corruption, legal and administrative inefficiencies, urbanization pressures, socio-economic disparities, historical land practices, and colonial legacies.

EXPLORING THE YOUTUBE KIDS APP LANGUAGE IMPACT ON GENDER ROLES IN PAKISTANI TODDLERS

2024-10-21T16:33:44+00:00

This study investigates the impact of YouTube Kids app language on the formation and understanding of gender roles in Pakistani toddlers. The research explores how the content and language used in YouTube Kids can influence children's perceptions of gender, considering the cultural context of Pakistani society. The study employs a qualitative research approach, interviews with parents, teachers, religious scholars, parenting experts, child specialists, psychologists, psychiatrists, hypnosis and NLP master trainers, communication specialists, and mainstream media experts. Purposive sampling was used to select 17 participants from Lahore, Pakistan. The data collected through semi-structured interviews was analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. The findings reveal that while children learn gender roles primarily from home and society, YouTube Kids can influence their understanding of gender. Parents play an important role in guiding children's media consumption and mitigating potential negative influences. The study also explores the impact of YouTube Kids on language acquisition. Participants agreed that children can easily learn new languages through these apps, significantly expanding their vocabulary. However, it is essential for parents to monitor children's social media use and provide guidance to ensure positive outcomes. This highlights the importance of parental supervision and guidance in navigating the complex landscape of YouTube Kids and its potential influence on children's gender roles and language development.

Norman Finkelstein’s Academic Struggle for Truth and Justice for the cause of Palestine: A case for Noble Peace Prize

2024-10-22T07:44:16+00:00

Norman G. Finkelstein, a prominent scholar with a PhD in political science from Princeton University, is recognized for his detailed analysis of the Israel-Palestine conflict. His influential works address Israeli policies, humanitarian issues, and international law, advocating for justice for Palestinians. Finkelstein's notable publications include "Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict”, "Beyond Chutzpah”, "This Time We Went Too Far", “Gaza: An Inquest into Its Martyrdom” and “I'll Burn That Bridge When I Get to It!” where he critiques historical narratives, human rights abuses and cancel cultures while challenging the misuse of

Anti-Semitism in silencing dissent. His scholarship highlights the human impact of illegal Israeli military actions and advocates for a just resolution to the conflict. Despite facing academic opposition, particularly from figures like Alan Dershowitz, Finkelstein's relentless pursuit of truth has significantly shaped the discourse on Palestinian rights, making a compelling case for his consideration for the Nobel Peace Prize.

A Freudian Psychoanalytic Study of K. A. Abbas’s “Sparrows” and “Three Women”

2024-10-26T13:42:54+00:00

The Freudian psychoanalytic theory engages several topics of human psychology and behavioral sciences, narrowing down the topic Tennyson’s fixations of Freud’s theory are studied to conduct the specific study. This paper contains two short stories of K. A. Abbas “Sparrows” and “Three Women’s” textual analysis using Freud’s theory of personality and supporting it with Tennyson’s model to specify. “Rahim Khan” and “The Three Women” from these stories are analyzed with respect to their past traumas and psychological functions of the brain. The main focus of the theory for the text employs the ideas of id, ego, super-ego, suppression, oppression, conscious, sub-conscious, unconscious and catharsis etc. The behaviors of the concerned characters are studied and analyzed on the basis of their speech, actions and events related to them. The analysis is concluded in a sense that gives satisfied justifications to the research objectives. This research is done manually considering the research gap after a thorough literature review.

Identification of the challenges faced by Students in IELTS Writing Test and designing Writing Practice Plan

2024-11-05T15:40:58+00:00

The IELTS examination is one of the most frequently attempted international exams in Pakistan, yet failure cases have always been alarming. To address this, a study aimed to identify challenges faced by IELTS candidates in the writing module and provide a methodical practice plan. Through a thorough literature review, surveys and interviews with a representative sample of IELTS candidates, researchers identified key issues. Typical problems included time management, understanding various question types (Task 1 and Task 2 essays) and writing difficulty, as well as the need for efficient writing strategies. The study's findings revealed that applicants struggle to manage limited time, comprehend question styles and produce coherent, well-structured essays. To overcome these challenges, the study recommends consistent timed practice, tailored tactics for Task 1 and Task 2 essays and targeted development of writing skills. By adopting this strategic practice approach, IELTS candidates can significantly enhance their writing skills through deliberate and continuous practice. Future research should focus on investigating specific candidate needs, creating personalized practice plans and implementing feedback systems for efficient progress monitoring. This study provides valuable insights and practical tips for IELTS applicants seeking to improve their writing skills, ultimately achieving success in this critical component of the IELTS examination.

AN EVALUATION OF POLICE REFORMS IN PUNJAB

2024-11-14T17:32:24+00:00

The purpose of this study is to examine the given police reforms in the province of Punjab, Pakistan which are being tailored by the Inspector General of Punjab police Dr. Usman Anwar. Several problems have been experienced in this regard including but not limited to inefficiency, corruption and political interference particularly from the province of Punjab, which is the most populated province in Pakistan. Dr. Anwar’s period brought about changes that focused positively on areas such as performance, restore the image and the confidence of the public in the Punjab Police. Since the research assesses the effects of these reforms it uses both qualitative and quantitative data in the study. Some of the important focus areas covered are the impact of media on public, role of forensic in police work and issues of gender-mainly men-into police force. The study shows that these reforms have been both successful and problematic, thus giving practical direction as to how such reforms will be effective in the future. The findings of this study should be useful to policymakers, law enforcement agencies, as well as the academic community in understanding the nature and dynamics of police reform and the challenges related to it, so as to enhance discourse on governance, human rights and socio-economic stability.

DISINTEGRATION OF INDIGENOUS VALUES UNDER CAPITALIST CULTURE: A COMPARATIVE MARXIST STUDY OF THE MURDER OF AZIZ KHAN AND THE WHITE TIGER

2024-11-20T05:12:46+00:00

Disintegration of traditional values remains a pressing issue, particularly relevant in the contemporary era. This research aims to examine, through comparative mode, the disintegration of indigenous values under capitalistic culture as depicted in The Murder of Aziz Khan and The White Tiger. The theoretical framework guiding this research is grounded in Marxist literary theory. Developed by Karl Marx, this framework encompasses a set of political and economic ideas that Marxists believe can facilitate the interpretation and transformation of the prevailing exploitative capitalistic structures into a more equitable societal order. It fundamentally critiques Western capitalism as an inherently materialistic endeavor that has marginalized and distorted pre-imperial humanistic cultures while also challenging the homogenization of diverse cultural practices and ideologies under the hegemony of the bourgeoisie, which aims to establish a global consumer culture. The research posits that the bourgeois class in both literary works operates as neo-imperialists, perpetuating the exploitation of marginalized groups within society. The pre-capitalistic ethos of social harmony and collective well-being is supplanted by a culture that commodifies individuals, engenders class conflict, and fosters socio-economic oppression of the impoverished. The research concludes that capitalistic culture leads to a bifurcated society divided into two distinct classes—the capitalist/rich and the working/poor—marked by pervasive inequality, injustice, exploitation, and the degradation of the underprivileged by the affluent. Additionally, it reflects the dominance of ruling-class ideologies, the inclination toward Western cultural values, and the ongoing presence of neo-imperialistic forces.

امام بخاریؒ کا سد الذریعہ سے استدلال اور عصری قوانین پر اطلاق،مقاصدشریعہ کےتناظر میں

2024-07-30T15:34:22+00:00

Imam Bukhari was an absolute mujtahid, the main purpose of his Ijtihad and reasoning’s is the interpretation and interpretation of the Muqasid Shari'ah according to the new style, which is derived and used from the definite texts of the Qur'an and Sunnah and fulfills the contemporary requirements are opening and they are being justified through various tricks. Imam Bukhari has blocked all these sources through the compilation of Sahih Bukhari. The need is to get guidance on the means by which these evils can be prevented. On the basis of the research in this paper, it can be said that Imam Bukhari had the status of Jurisprudence and Ijtihad and respected the objectives of the Sharia, Imam Bukhari has relied on the Book and Sunnah in his ijtihad and objectives and other sources of Sharia are his It has been declared as subject, the مصالح give priority to the dominant and wealth without considering the Shariah, and in many issues, they consider it permissible as a means of the سد ذریعہ of the delegate and as a source of corruption (درمفسدہ) in some issues.

منھج المعجم الصغیرلحافظ الطبراني (دراسۃ خاصۃ)

2024-08-02T05:49:51+00:00

The article entitled:Method of Al-Mujim-u-Sagheer by Hafiz Al-Tabraani is a comprehensive

study regarding the uniqe method of writing in a valuable book entitled: Al-Mujim-u-Sagheer by a reknowned scholor Hafiz Al-Tabraani. In the begginig of the article,Information regding the life, servises,books and remarkable comments of his conteporary and other scholars have been described. He was born in Akka (The city of Syria). He contributed Islam as Arabic Writer,Liguistic,reformer,juris and Commentators of the meanings of Holy Quran. He became famous due to his prestigious serveses as Islamic reformer.

As concerned,his prestigious book entitled: Al-Mujim-u-Sagheer,the book is an encyclopeadia of Arabic Islamic words terms and ideams.The article provides a door of the city of knowledge to the reader of Quranic and rest of Arabic Islaimic sciences. Method and literary style of Hafiz Tabrani is very remakable.The article reflects his lterary as well as scholarly capabilty of Hafiz Al- Tabraani,his style and method may be follwed by the contemporary Arabic Islamic Scholars.

شریعت و طریقت میں ہم آہنگی اور مغایرت(غلط فہمیوں کا ازالہ)

2024-08-02T18:41:12+00:00

In relation to jurisprudence and Sufism, a large section of Muslims fell victim to exaggeration and misguidance. But the scholars did not get the education and training, nor did they have access to the authentic books of Sufism. Rather, the ignorant claimants saw the self-made wrong approach of the Sufis and mistook it for Sufism. He became disgusted with Sufism itself and declared Sufism to be excluded from religion, but rather atheism and Zandaqah This is a serious misconception that is prevalent among a large number of people. That is to say, many such misconceptions are spread about Sufism and jurisprudence. On one side, there is exaggeration, on the other, extravagance. Islam teaches the path of moderation. Turks do not consider the world as a religion. He wants to make the path of Sufism useful by molding it in the form of Sufism. He does not believe in the contradiction between Sharia and Tariqat, but is convinced that both should go together. will be reviewed.

صکوک (اسلامی بانڈز)کے متعلق شرعی احکام :تحقیقی مطالعہ

2024-08-09T13:32:49+00:00

Dirham’s and dinars do not have a personal or Sharia definition, but it is related to alias and reform, because dirham’s and dinars are not intended in themselves, but they are a means of mutual transactions, that is why they are considered as value, because taking advantage of the rest of the property Therefore, they do not have this reality. The means that do not have any purpose associated with the substance and form, it achieves the purpose anyway. The objections are not too weighty, therefore the majority of contemporary scholars, fatwa’s of most muftis and the resolutions of important jurisprudential bodies are in favor of it.

اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان میں امن وسلامتی کا قیام (عصر حاضر کے تناظر میں تحقیقی مطالعہ )

2024-08-19T09:31:02+00:00

The journey of establishment of Pakistan started from the early 17th century and continued till the middle of 20th century. What does Pakistan mean? There is no god but Allah. Under this slogan, Pakistan came into being, in which millions of people sacrificed their lives for the survival of this ideology, the aim of which was to establish the system of Allah on this earth, where the system of justice prevails. May the rulers and the people of this country submit to obedience to Allah and His Messenger and adhere to Islamic law. Islam is a religion of peace and security. The Qur'an and Sunnah have taught us the lessons of peace, harmony, unity and brotherhood. The enemies of Islam, Islam and Pakistan cannot stand. They want to weaken and defeat the Muslims by fighting among themselves. Allah Almighty has naturally endowed Pakistan with all the resources that are sufficient to meet all the needs of the people here. Every school of thought is free in Asia and especially in Pakistan. Here, in general, every group is a follower of religion and they consider themselves one hundred percent right and the other one hundred percent wrong. For this reason, the establishment of peace and security is not visible from afar. Work together for peace and stability of Pakistan.

بیداری عورت میں عورت کا کردار :شریعت اسلامیہ کے تناظر میں تجزیاتی مطالعہ

2024-08-19T09:37:42+00:00

Allah has revealed the steps that women need to take to ensure their protection and respect within society, and for them to find the love and dignity that they deserve. All of these measures benefit women and seek to prevent damage to their interests or any form of oppression and unnecessary stress. Nothing in Islam prevents a woman from accomplishing herself or attaining her goals. Societies may erect barriers, but nothing in the spirit of the Qur'an. The issue of women's collective rights and duties is so clear in Islam. That no special effort is required to understand it۔ Women are an integral part of society۔ It has a special role in every aspect of life, political, economic, family and educational. Now the need of current circumstances that the every Muslim woman completely adopt the Islamic civilization it’s an Identity for her and saver her life otherwise failed.

Kitab al-Du'afāʾ liʾl-Uqaylī An Analytical Review

2024-08-25T06:11:36+00:00

Kitab al-Du'afāʾ liʾl-Uqaylī is a classical Islamic text written by the scholar al-Uqaylī. The book is known for its focus on weak or unreliable hadith narrators. Al-Uqaylī, an important figure in hadith criticism, compiled this work to address the issues of authenticity in Islamic traditions by listing and critiquing the narrators whose reliability was questionable. This text plays a significant role in the science of hadith, which is crucial for determining the credibility of Islamic traditions and teachings

بیعُ المُزَایِد ۃ (نیلامی /بولی کی شرعی حیثیت اور احکام)

2024-08-31T16:50:46+00:00

Bai al-Muzayadah, commonly known as auction or competitive bidding, holds significance in Islamic finance and commerce. In this type of transaction, sellers present their items for sale without fixing a price and interested buyers compete by offering higher bids until the highest bid is accepted. The item is then sold to the bidder who placed the highest offer.

In Islamic jurisprudence, Bai al-Muzayadah is recognized as a permissible method of sale, allowing goods to be sold to the highest bidder through a transparent bidding process. The practice aligns with Islamic values of fairness and market efficiency, providing a mechanism for determining the true market value of commodities. This paper aims to explore its position within the framework of Islamic principles, investigating its commandments, conditions, and ethical implications.

It examines the requirement for transparency, honesty, and the absence of prohibited elements such as uncertainty (gharar) and exploitation (ghasb). By adhering to these conditions, Bai al-Muzayadah upholds the principles of justice and integrity in Islamic commerce. Furthermore, the paper investigates the prevalence of unfair and corrupt methods in Bai al-Muzayadah transactions.

مفاتیح الغیب (تفسیر کبیر )للرازی کا منہج و اسلوب: تحقیقی مطالعہ

2024-09-03T09:35:36+00:00

From the early period of Islam to this day, thousands of scholars and interpreters have written the Tafasir for the exposition of the holy Quran. "Mafatih ul Ghaib" also known as "Tafsir Kabir" is one of them which is written by Muhammad Bin Umar Al Razi, the leader of interpreters. In the style of expressing and the good arrangement, this Tafsir is a distinct to his contemporary and subsequent written Tafasir. In this Tafsir, islamic Beliefs and commandments are explained with narrative as well as logical arguments. This holds the position of being an origin and source for all the Tafasir written afterwards. Hardly, there would be a book written on the pattern of Ahlus Sunnah and still not referred to Tafsir Kabir.

Every interpreter has his own methodology and for learning in its true spirit, it requires comprehending his methodology. Keeping the importance of "Tafsir Kabir" in view, A research review of Imam Razi’s methodology in Tafsir have been presented in the following article.

مذہبی عبادات کا تحفظ اسلامی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں

2024-09-05T14:59:41+00:00

Islam is not only security itself but also has clear principles of security of peace. Describes an unseen summary from each class and all relationships. The history of Islam is a witness that if a ruler in an Islamic empire put the morals of Muhammad (peace be upon him) first, then in that period the non-Muslims and their places of worship were protected just like the Muslims themselves and they were given the same freedom. As for the Muslims themselves, there are bright events in every age which are not only neglected by Islamic history but also by non-Muslim historians themselves who have described them in impressively admirable terms.

عہدِتابعین میں مشہور مكی مفسرینِ تابعی

2024-09-06T12:17:59+00:00

The work of compiling the Holy Qur'an was completed in the era of the Prophet (ﷺ) and the era of the Companions (Sahābah). It has been needed in every era regarding the meanings and interpretation (Tafsīr) of the Holy Quran. Therefore, there was a commentary on the Qur'an even in the era of the Tabeen (Tābe'īn). Therefore, they preserved the meaning and interpretation (Tafsīr) of the Qur'an. The number of commentators (Mufasserīn) Tabi'een is more than the number of commentators (Mufasserīn) Sahaba who were associated with the knowledge of Tafsīr. While a large number of Tābe'īn devoted their lives to knowledge and handed over the knowledge of Tafsīr to the Ummah. Ibn Taymiyyah states that the people of Makkah who have the most knowledge of tafsir are the students of Ibn-e Abbas, such as Mujahid bin Jabr, Ata bin Abi Rabah, Ikramah, Saeed bin Jubir and Tawoos. In this research article we discuss the life and work of these five Tābe'īn Mufasserīn.

ASSESSING THE INTERFACE LINKING THE ISLAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM (IES) WITH THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC PARADIGM

2024-09-10T02:48:04+00:00

Islamic economics, guided by Sharia and the Quran, emphasises the prohibition of speculative transactions, a key factor contributing to economic stability. However, concerns have been raised about the practical implementation of Islamic economic principles and their compatibility with modern economic structures. The Islamic Economic System (IES) prioritises stability and fairness, avoiding usury, monopoly, hoarding, and speculation, leading to a current account deficit. A self-sufficient model characterises its industrial policy, reluctance to rely heavily on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and a commitment to economic justice and equitable distribution of resources. The IES’s primary objective is to provide a robust system focusing on balanced, moderate and sustainable economic development and appreciating state involvement in heavy sectors to balance private ownership. IES encourages limitless liability in shareholding, creating accountability, such as the prohibition of bankruptcy with monopoly, which could lead to wealth concentration and economic inequities in society. The IES’s guiding principle of “Itedal” emphasises fiscal prudence, where spending should be less than earnings, and plays a pivotal role in controlling fiscal deficits that could undermine the overall economic well-being of society.

منهج الإمام ابن سعد في كتابة أحداث السيرة النبوية في العهد المدني من خلال كتابه الطبقات الكبرى

2024-09-23T08:27:00+00:00

Seerah Nabawiyyah has been the most widely used name for the traditional account of life and background of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). In the Ninth century, Islamic literature and biographies of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) were enthusiastically developed as a reflection on the needs of the Muslim Community. Among the famous of the extant text composed in the medieval Islamic genre is the book al-Ṭabaqāt-al-Kubrā by Ibne Sa’ad (d. 230/845) who largely compiled it from the works his predecessors, especially al-Wāqidī and al-Kalbī. This book of Ibne Sa’ad named “Al of -Tabaqat” is a scholastic treasury which consists of eight volumes. The first two volumes are specified for Seerah of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The remaining six volumes consist of the scholastic, political, military and religious activities of the Companions of the Prophet (PBUH) and their disciples which covers the first two Islamic centuries. “Al-Tabaqat” has been considered one of the most ancient and very valuable sources of Seerah. Ibne Sa’ad was the disciple of Al-Waqidi. Therefore, his major source of knowledge is Al-Waqidi’s book “Al-Maghazi”, especially the Medinan Era of the life of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) is reliant on upon the said book. This article reflects the complete sociological picture of the initial Islamic age with all necessary details. The present study also aims to explore the style and pattern of historical approach applied by Ibne Sa’ad on the Biography of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The study is qualitative, in which the researcher employed source-critical approaches where he analyses and extracts the approach used by the authors in writing Seerah Nabawiyyah (PBUH).

رفع الإرتياب عن حكم الأصحاب لبديع الدين (دراسة وتحقيق)

2024-10-05T03:13:51+00:00

The book “Raf-ul-Irtiyab ann Hukm-il-Ashab” has been written by Syed Badi-u-Din Rashidi. Syed Badi-u-Din was one of the best writer of Islamic Thought. He authored more than one hundred and eight books in vaoius languages Urdu, Arabic and Sindhi etc. He was born in 1924 in Haiderabad and died in 1996. There Rose many scholars who their services in one filed of Usol-e-Hadith. His book “Raf-ul-Irtiyab ann HUkm-il-Ashab is about the ijtihad of the companions of Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وسلم), whether it is an argument for us or not. This work of his is an ideal and intellectual asset in the Islamic world. We have presented a research review of this book in the article.

رقیہ شرعیہ،"شرعی دم" شارحین ِصحیح بخاری کا مؤقف

2024-10-05T10:44:46+00:00

Every blowing that contains divine names and invocations is useful in all kinds of spiritual and physical diseases.The Prophet ﷺ has especially described it as very useful in the case of bad eyesight, fever or poisonous sting.In the same way, it is permissible to recite the verses of the Holy Qur'an, supplications and words in which there is no suspicion of shirk and disbelief and which have been proven useful by the experience of the jurists and muhadditheen.Non-Qur'anic rakyats were offered in front of Him (PBUH).when He (PBUH) heard the words of Dum and if there were no mistakes or doubts in it, He (PBUH) would give permission to do dum with these words.This makes it clear that every breath and breath that does not involve shirk and the words are not ambiguous can be taken as a remedy. While this highlights the usefulness of inhalation for various diseases and disorders. it also proves the justification of modern methods of treatment. Therefore, inhalation is very important for the treatment of psychological and spiritual diseases. Therefore, it is often Scholars and Muhadditheen, in the light of their personal experiences and observations, treat a particular disease with specific verses or authentic prayers, then Allah grants them healing. Today's society has become a victim of superstition, misguided priestcraft, due to academic and practical weaknesses in the present age. Especially in the Indian subcontinent and Pakistan, this superstition is common. There are also theories. Some people believe in Dum/blowing and some believe in non-blowing. There are many groups on this matter in Pakistani society. It is necessary to understand it in the light of the scientific ideas of the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH) and its commentators,explainers and the intellectual and academic unity in the society should be promoted.

موضوع احادیث کے بارے میں مسلکی رجحانات:مختلف مکاتب فکر کا عصری تناظر میں تحقیقی جائزہ

2024-10-05T11:23:24+00:00

This study undertakes a nuanced examination of fabricated Ḥadiths, putting them within the multifaceted tapestry of sectarian trends in present-day Islamic approach towards the sayings of the Holy Prophet. Hadith is considered the second most important source of Islamic Sharaih accodinf to Muslim scholars. Moreover, Hadith is the authentic source of Quranic exegesis. Some wicked people started to create Hadiths during the era of Rashidah Caliphate. There were different objectives behind this approach and it can be classified in to different categories such as political or tribal prejudices, different religious trends, cultural and social contradictions etc. The greatest uprising of modern-day era is to narrate the Hadiths about virtues in particular and in the chapter of theology in general. The worthless stuff is being described and attributed to the Holy Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. Moreover, sectarian inclination has added fuel to this trend. This article will expose these trends about unfolding the status of fabricated Hadith.

"شاہ نامہ اسلام" اور"شاہنامہ بالا کوٹ" کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

2024-10-10T15:18:32+00:00

Shah Nama and Razmia are two poetic Sinf in which any incident and other stories are narrated. Shah Nama Islam is a story in which Islam and movement of Islam is discussed. Shah nama Islam is a unique poetry because of its story. Islam and Hazrat Muhammad (S.W.S) are narrated in this poetry that may be not showed any poet before Hafeez Jalandhri. Shah Nama Balakot is another unique verse in which also in which a movement that for Islam because Syed Ahmed Shaheed was a big personality for his Islamic education and his movement which was fought at Balakot against Sikh kingdom that was established in indopak. Sikh's activites were the against of Islam. Aleem Nasri was a great poet who has written this Shah Nama.

قرآن میں مذکورفکرو تدبر اور مترادف کلمات و اصطلاحات کا تحقیقی مطالعہ

2024-10-26T18:57:56+00:00

The thinking, the measure is of great significance in the life of the believer, as he said some scientists: and (think an hour is better than worshiping years) and reflect on God's ability, and bone creatures, reinforce faith in the hearts of the people, how much is the great verses and clear proofs function on the ability of the Creator, and perfection, and meditate on the verses in this vast universe of the best acts of worship that donate to the path of truth, and the increase in the consolidation of the faith, and enlighten human in his insight and his way, God and the one in everything, and he is capable of everything, and be thinking in the same God, but to be in his creation, it is essential to human reasoning and forethought and consideration, and mind, in the stages of creation, and is the creator, he's over all things, in order to strengthen our faith in God, because forethought, and reflection has a significant impact to build faith, and establish faith in God, and not thinking nor manages the stages of creation, weaken his faith in God, and the meaning of forethought heart behaved considering the consequences and reflection heart behaved considering the evidence .. It is a consideration of the consequences of things, which is close to the reflection, However, the reasoning heart behaved given in the manual, and forethought his disposal to consider the consequences.

إنجاز الحاجة شرح سنن ابن ماجه میں راویانِ حدیث کا تعارف: منہج واسلوب کا تحقیقی جائزہ

2024-10-26T13:33:53+00:00

“Injaz al-Hajah Sharh Sunan Ibn Majah” was written in Arabic by Muhammad Ali Janbaz, a renowned scholar from Pakistan. In this book, after verifying each hadith, he identified its authenticity and weakness, and also provided brief biographies of the narrators mentioned in the hadith. This research encompasses the commentator's adopted approach in introducing the narrators of hadith, where: Verbatim quotes are taken from basic sources and references. Statements are concisely paraphrased, omitting names of teachers and students. Selective references are made to the opinions of prominent Imams of hadith criticism regarding the authentication and weakening of narrators. The commentator mentions the opinions of scholars of Rijal (biographies of narrators) without referencing specific books. Sometimes, he quotes from sources by mentioning their names. As needed, the commentator also provides the correct pronunciation of the names of narrators. He concisely mentions the biographies of shared narrators found in Sahihain (Bukhari and Muslim) and Sunan Ibn Majah. Sometimes, the commentator considers a narrator's presence in Sahihain sufficient and doesn't provide their biography. For Sunan Ibn Majah's unique narrators, the Imams' opinions are noted. He clarified that although there are many unreliable narrators, trustworthy ones also exist. In Injaz al-Hajah, the commentator has kept personal commentary on narrators to a minimum. After mentioning the differences of opinion among the Imams, he rely on Ibn Hajar's statement. Rarely, he express his personal opinion.

صحابی کی تفہیم: اصولیین اور محدثین کے نقطہ نظر کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

2024-10-26T13:39:10+00:00

The concept of a "Sahabi" (Companion) holds significant importance in Islamic scholarship, particularly among the scholars (Uṣūliyyīn) and traditionists (Muḥaddithīn). This study examines the definitions and interpretations provided by both groups, drawing from the work of Allama Syed Shah Hussain Gardezi in his book Tafazaniya. Gardezi emphasizes that there is no definitive scriptural definition of "Sahabi" in the Quran or Hadith. Instead, the definitions emerged in the third century Hijri and are inherently interpretative, leading to inevitable disagreements among scholars based on their preferences, aspirations, and intellectual frameworks. While Gardezi upholds the Uṣūliyyīn's definition as more robust due to its inclusion of specific conditions that delineate the status of companionship, he also acknowledges the perspectives of the Muḥaddithīn. Despite this, he critiques their views for lacking substantial evidence. The study further explores the implications of these differing definitions, noting that strict adherence to certain criteria can exclude numerous companions from the esteemed status of "Sahabi." Ultimately, this research seeks to elucidate the complexities surrounding the definition of a Sahabi within Islamic scholarly discourse, highlighting the interplay between different interpretative frameworks.

عبدالرحمٰن الجزیری کی کتاب ”الفقہ علی المذاهب الاربعة“ کی روشنی میں رفع حاجت کے احکامات

2024-10-26T17:53:19+00:00

In "Al-Fiqh 'ala al-Madhahib al-Arba'ah," Abd al-Rahman al-Jaziri discusses the issues of relieving oneself and performing istinja' (cleansing after using the toilet) with water or stones according to the four major Islamic schools of jurisprudence (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali). Regarding the act of relieving oneself, all four schools agree on certain etiquettes that must be observed, such as sitting while relieving oneself, avoiding facing the qibla (the direction of Mecca), covering the body, refraining from talking during the act, and choosing a place that is out of public sight. There is also consensus among the four schools that if both water and stones are available, one should first clean with stones and then purify with water, as this ensures greater cleanliness and purification. In this research paper, Abd al-Rahman al-Jaziri’s work "Al-Fiqh 'ala al-Madhahib al-Arba'ah" presents the different opinions of the juristic schools in a comprehensive manner, and the research further investigates and references these views.

اسلوبیات کیا ہے؟ قدیم اور جدید اسلوبیات

2024-07-27T05:40:16+00:00

Stylistics as a term is registered in German, English and French languages since nineteenth century. The advent of Modern Stylistics is associated with the publication of four books in English language by Roger Fowler, Donald Freeman, Geoffrey. N.Leech and Thomas A Sebok. Before the modern Stylistics made venture, the old Rhetoric was thought to be Stylistics and Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, Cicero etc. were the first to profess it. Ornamental Stylistics was in full swing during the Renaissance period where the stylistic tools were thought to be ornaments, thereby beautifying the text. Individual Stylistics was a major progress in the field where Stylistics was seen connected to different disciplines of knowledge and Expressive, Psychological, Formalistic, Reader Response and Practical and New Criticism informed Stylistics were born.The modern Stylistics, however owes much to Russian Formalism and Structuralism . Roman Jakobson and Ferdinand de Saussure left major imprints on modern Stylistics and in shaping it as it emerges today.

ناصر کاظمی کی شاعری کا فنی تجزیہ

2024-08-01T16:13:35+00:00

All of the poetry of Nasir Kazmi is included in these collections "Barg-e-Nay", "Deewan", "Nishat-e-Khwab", "Pahli Barish" etc. The main reason for this is that he was not an externalist like other contemporaries. He is a poet at heart. Despite talking to his friends in restaurants and hotels, wandering at night, commenting on social and political situations and talking to passers-by, he used to spend time in solitude and think about poetry.

Lived in the dark. The recognition of his personality in poetry is different from his biographical personality. Eliot, therefore, has not given any importance to the real personality of a poet. The personality that emerges in poetry, that criticism becomes noticeable in relation to poetry. The personality that emerges in Nasir Kazmi's poetry is a quirky and unique personality. It is beyond homogeneity, uniformity, axiality and monotony, it is a multifaceted, diverse and dynamic personality, it is formed by emotionality, aesthetics, thinking and dreaming.

Basically, love is the driving force behind the colorfulness and vibrancy of Nasir's poetic personality. Love stimulates their creative power. They are imbued with the passion of love but do not separate it from their specific cultural and social environment; despite flying in the skies, their feet remain on the ground. They are suspicious of the distance of the beloved whom they want and long for his closeness, but they are deprived of the closeness of the beloved. As a result of this, they go through sorrow and pain and feel the burning condition of their liver. It turns into longing. In this way love becomes all colors for them. In Hasrat and Faraq, love is limited to leaving the beloved, in Nasir, love turns into the truth of human relationships, passion and attraction, as well as the tragedy of broken heart. Some Technical qualities of the poetry of Nasir Kazmi has been discussed in this article.

’’شعریات آفتاب اقبال شمیم‘‘ کی فکری و لسانیاتی تعبیر

2024-08-02T18:54:25+00:00

Aftab Iqbal Shameem is known as famous poet of urdu literature. He is also known by his modern thoughts and prograssive poetry . The most important aspect of his life is poetry and modern poems. In this article we discussed his poetic and lingusitic thoughts.The current era is the reflection of human psychology and modern linguistics analysis of human language,which gave birth to neo-criticism and practical criticism. It paved the way for other ideology that emerged in the field of linguistics, called stylistics i.e."stylistics is a sub-decipiline of linguistics which deals with the study of phonetics, lexial, syantax and semantics ". This stylistic theory has been applied upon the poetry of Aftab Iqbal Shameem to justify the universality and novelty of his diction and thoughts.

اُسلوب ِسر سیّد کا تمثیلی انداز

2024-08-05T17:55:37+00:00

"The use of purposeful anecdote and representation as scholarly gadgets ranges across societies and ages, bearing critical authentic roots. Starting prominently in antiquated Greek writing, exemplified by scholars like Plato in works, for example, 'The Republic' and his 'Purposeful anecdote of the Cavern', these methods emblematically typify significant philosophical ideas like illumination, reality, and information. In Urdu writing, the reception of purposeful anecdote and representation rises above solitary attribution, developing naturally as basic parts of its more extensive artistic legacy. Inside the rich embroidery of Urdu abstract articulation enveloping verse, composition, and various narrating designs, famous writers and scholars skillfully coordinate figurative subtleties and exemplification, lifting the stylish allure and significant profundities of their works. Vital among these figures is Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, whose clever works carefully investigated different features of Muslim life in the Subcontinent, utilizing figurative and emblematic themes to dig into philosophical and otherworldly subjects while prudently resolving the predominant issues of his period. Consequently, this logical talk expects to investigate the topical utilization of Purposeful anecdote and Representation in the Articles of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan inside the nuanced setting of Urdu writing."

انسان کا حق تصرف انفرادی اور اجتماعی ملکیت کے تناظر میں

2024-08-14T12:57:22+00:00

"Many verses of the Holy Qur'an clearly recognize the right of individuals to own and dispose of property, including land, fields, gardens, houses, produce, riding and beasts of burden. , seagoing vessels, cash capital, and other items are owned by individuals. During the blessed era of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him), people used to own all kinds of property and do all the lawful disposal of them. It was common practice to give cash capital to an entrepreneur on the principle of keeping it safe, investing it in a business, lending it, or sharing in the profits. The practice of keeping riding animals for personal use and driving these animals for hire was also a factor. Individuals used to own their residential houses. Cultivating the land, planting gardens and being considered the owners of their fields and gardens, these properties were bought and sold and distributed among their heirs after the death of the owner. The Prophet himself and Akbar Sahabah (RA) used to own all kinds of property, use it for personal use, or use it for business purposes. The Sunnah is the rate of the Qur'an and the true meaning of these verses in the light of the Sunnah is that individuals have the full right to own property, both consumables and the prevailing means of birth.

The Holy Qur'an has declared trade as a legitimate practice, laid down detailed rules of inheritance and made it a crime to steal the property of others, all of which indicate that individual ownership is considered Muslim. The practice of individual ownership of consumables and means of birth was common even before the Prophet's mission. Even if there was no positive declaration of recognition of individual ownership in the Qur'an and Sunnah, it would have been considered according to the general rule of Sharia that Islam is giving a certificate of legitimacy by keeping silent on this custom has recognized and the Prophet (PBUH) has made this fact more clear through his numerous sayings.

اردو شاعری میں مستعمل مرکب بحور

2024-08-16T17:44:18+00:00

Urdu has its own metrical system like all other languages of the world which determines the structure, quality and pertinence of the verse. Urdu has benefited from Arabic and Persian languages as it is a compound and absorbent language; even there are some poetical forms that have been included in Urdu language and these are originally from the mentioned other two languages; especially the science of metrical structure of the poetry has been adopted in pursuance of Arabic and Persian languages, which is called “Ilm-e-Urooz”. There are seven “Mufrad Buhoor” while twelve “Murakkab Buhoor” out of total nineteen “Buhoor” prevailing in Arabic and non-Arabic metrical structures. But there is no “Bahr” out of these twelve “Murakkab Buhoor” that is in common absolute use in Urdu poetry, however, there have been poetic works that adopt the “Zuhaf Awzan” of these “Buhoor”. About six of these “Buhoor” have been in common use in poetic works out of those twelve and the other six have been abandoned as they were not according to the style of Urdu language.

افسانہ اور علامتیت: "بجوکا" کے علامتی ڈھانچے کا تنقیدی جائزہ

2024-08-20T17:27:42+00:00

Symbolism is a potent literary technique used by writers to convey profound themes, feelings, and social critique in their stories. The scarecrow (بجوکا), an apparently ordinary character, has captivated the minds of short-story writers for years. The scarecrow serves as a multifaceted emblem, representing concepts such as seclusion, safeguarding, individuality, and the contrast between the organic and the man-made. This research seeks to clarify the scarecrow's ability to deeply resonate with readers by closely analyzing certain texts and examining critical perspectives. Moreover, this study explores the socio-cultural circumstances that have impacted the representation of the scarecrow in literature, elucidating its evolution from a practical farming implement to a meaningful metaphorical instrument. Through an analysis of the development of scarecrows, we can have a deeper understanding of how short stories mirror and react to shifting perspectives on rural life, agriculture, and the human experience. Therefore, the complex web of symbolism woven by the scarecrow in fiction is revealed. This research enhances the overall comprehension of symbolism in literature by analyzing its literary depictions and examining its socio-cultural importance. Additionally, it acknowledges and appreciates the ongoing fascination with an apparently ordinary character in the realm of fiction.

انتظار حسین کے ناول بستی میں مستعمل تلمیحات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

2024-08-26T10:04:24+00:00

In literature, eloquence requires more meaning to be conveyed in fewer words and allusions do full justice to this eloquence as if they are like damming a river in a jar. The allusions reflect the author's historical and cultural knowledge and enlighten the reader with a deeper understanding. This research aims to analyze the allusions used in the novel “Basti”. For this purpose, the allusions used in the novel have been selected and their literary, cultural and historical background has also been examined. This review will better understand the depth and demands of these cues as humans can acquire a wide range of vocabulary demands. More than 70 Qur'anic, Persian and Urdu allusions (Talmihat) used in this paper are analyzed along with Hindi allusions because Urdu and Hindi are the languages of Pakistan and India today. Still, earlier it was the language of the subcontinent.

رحمن مذنب کے افسانوں کا ماحولیاتی مطالعہ

2024-08-28T03:30:40+00:00

Rahman Muznab's fables are coloured by classes. He has seen with his own eyes his family environment and surroundings. He has described different classes in his legends. All classes, from religious people to market women and eunuchs, have been given a place in their legends. The environments of all these classes are also different. He has depicted the environment of each class in an expert manner. There are many colours of atmosphere in his fiction due to the environment of the classes. As if due to the interplay of their characters, themes, and classes, the environment also has many colours.

عمر بڑھنے کے ساتھ تندرستی اور حفظان صحت موجودہ حالات کے تناظر میں

2024-08-28T16:41:39+00:00

Health is a multidimensional concept that encompasses various physical, mental, and social attributes, reflecting an individual's overall well-being. This abstract delves into the characteristics of health and its significance in leading a fulfilling life. The first aspect of health is physical well-being, which refers to the absence of illness or disease and the ability to perform daily activities with vitality. It involves maintaining a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding harmful substances to optimize bodily functions. Mental health is another crucial dimension of health, encompassing emotional, psychological, and cognitive well-being. It involves coping with stress, managing emotions, and fostering resilience to navigate life's challenges effectively. Social health focuses on the quality of an individual's relationships and the sense of belonging to a community. Strong social connections, support systems, and positive interactions contribute to enhanced social well-being.

Promoting health involves adopting healthy habits, such as regular medical check-ups, immunizations, and preventive care measures. Raising awareness about the importance of health education and disease prevention is key to fostering healthier communities.

خطباتِ اقبال کا اردو ترجمہ " مذہبی افکار کی تعمیرِ نو " از شریف کنجاہی( تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ )

2024-08-29T16:14:28+00:00

“Iqbal’s English sermons, published in 1930, play a vital role in reshaping Islamic philosophy. His unique blend of ideas has yet to be matched. Iqbal's work masterfully addresses core issues in Islamic research and modern philosophy, presenting solid arguments that remain unparalleled. Since the creation of Pakistan, four regular Urdu translations of the book have been presented. However, Nazeer Niazi's translation work was regarded difficult due to his complex language and intricate terminology which left the need of new translations. Following Sharif Kunjahi's 1977 Punjabi translation, he again took on the task, producing a 1992 Urdu translation titled “Mazhabi Afkar ki Tameer-e-Nau”. Moreover, Iqbal’s deep philosophical English discourses still require translation in to accessible language for broader understanding. While Sharif Kunjahi's Urdu work is commendable, it could not escape influence of his native Punjabi language and lacks precision in translating Quranic verses, and Persian references, limiting its appreciation. Nevertheless, Kunjahi's work remains engaging, showcasing a unique blend of Punjabi and Urdu styles reflective of his temperament.”

ترقی پسند اردو افسانے کا داخلی پہلو (نمائندہ افسانہ نگاروں کے تصور فرد کے حوالے سے)

2024-08-29T17:13:09+00:00

The Progressive Movement profoundly impacted the literary and social landscape of the Indian subcontinent, introducing new themes and trends to the literary world and raising social consciousness. While the objectives and manifesto of this movement often overshadowed its internal aspects, labeling it as purpose-driven, the fiction writers influenced by this movement emphasized the individual's internal experience. They creatively portrayed social issues through an individualistic lens, making their stories symbolic for society. Their narratives reflect personal anguish more than collective concerns, illustrating individual internal turmoil, anxiety, melancholy, inferiority and superiority complexes, social alienation, lack of identity, societal pressure, and sexual factors. Their mastery lies in reflecting historical and cultural tragedies through the internal world of a single person. In the stories of Prem Chand, Bedi, Krishan Chander, and Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi, internal tendencies overshadow external factors. This piece aims to highlight the individual internal aspects of the Progressive Movement, whether social, psychological, or personal.

انتظار حسین کے افسانوی مجموعے" شہرِافسوس"میں ہجرت اورناسٹلجیا کےمسائل کاتجزیاتی مطالعہ

2024-09-05T15:15:59+00:00

Intizar Hussain started writing fiction at that time when Krishan Chander, Saadat Hasan Manto, Rajinder Singh Bedi, Asmat Choghatai and other artists were present in this field.

The style of waiting is its own invention, which is a combination of tradition and innovation. In his stories, the natural elements are also seen in the role of the characters. They keep their imagination and thought from the earth in every moment. They make the memory get lost. If the past is lost, then the human being is complete and remains incomplete.

Intizar Hussain's technical point of view and division of the matter is the same. He helped to understand everything. He was also influenced by Meer Anees, Nazeer Akbar Abadi and Muhammed Hussain Azad. There was a great tragedy in the history of Muslims. Nazeer saw the earth as the source of human progress and the sense of individuality. It was about history and civilization. It was empty, but waiting for Intizar Hussain's artistic journey, the influence of all three personalities. His collections of short stories are "Galli Koochay", "Kankri", "Din aor Dastaan", "Aakhri Aadmi", "Shehr e Afsos", "Kichway", "Khemay say Door"، , and “Shehr Zaad”.

صوبے دار محمد خالد کی مزاح نگاری

2024-09-11T16:58:10+00:00

Our beloved motherland Pakistan is facing challenges like terrorism, lawlessness, poverty, educational backwardness, etc. At the same time, constant attacks on our ideological and geographical boundaries by internal and external enemies pose grave challenges. The Pakistan Army has played its role on the front line to counter this. Pakistan Army is a symbol of national pride and strength and no country can ensure its defense without a strong military.

Our brave soldiers are sacrificing their lives for the future of the country. On the intellectual and literary front, apart from the performance of military service, Pakistan Army writers also endeavored to foster the intellectual growth of the nation while upholding the sanctity of the pen.

Even though the literary figures of the Pakistan Army have left their mark in all fields of Urdu literature, the field of humor seems to be their favorite playground.

Among these famous humorists, a significant name is Subedar Khalid, who has enriched the treasure trove of Urdu humor by presenting the story of a recruit becoming a soldier in a humorous style.

اردوادب اور فلسطین ماہ نامہ ‘‘سیّارہ’’لاہورکے تناظرمیں

2024-09-12T09:49:08+00:00

Palestine is full of to Jerusalem, the land of the prophets, the Ascension, the first Qibla, the Al-Aqsa Masjid. Palestine is one of the most important and ancient subjects of Urdu literature. Since then, poets and writers have made it the subject of thier creations. Under the auspices of Naeem Siddiqui, the monthly ''SAYYARH'' was launched from Lahore on August 1962. This is how the example of ''SAYYARH'' in this direction can be applied to the whole of Urdu literature.

اُردو کی ابتدا کے حوالے سے خاطر غزنوی اور محمد انصاراللہ کے نظریات

2024-10-02T05:08:35+00:00

This article is about Khatir Ghaznavi and Muhammad AnsarUllah’ theories regarding the origin of Urdu. Khatir Ghaznavi has given various arguments in the light of which he tries to prove that if different tribes and groups are involved in the formation of the Urdu language, then the most important groups are from the Frontier Province. According to this theory ,Urdu should be related to Hindko. .Khatir Ghaznavi has also presented samples of Urdu and other languages to prove that if language emerges only by the movement of people and the matching of words of one language with the words of another language ,then most people entered India through the Khyber Pass. History also says that all the raids and conquests of India were carried out by way of Peshawar, because the movement of caravans and the mixing of different languages took place in this area.Dr.AnsarUllah is of the opinion that Urdu is a purely Indian language but has influences from other languages. Among these other languages , he is convinced of the importance of only one language and that is Tamil. The arrival of different nations in India and the times of their departure are different.

منشا یادکے افسانوی مجموعے’’بند مُٹھی میں جگنو‘‘کاوجودی مطالعہ

2024-09-23T15:07:54+00:00

Mansha Yad is an important and prominent name of modern Urdu fiction. He started his fiction from the sixth decade of the twentieth century. Nine of his stories’ collections have come to public view. "Band Muthi Mein Jugnu" is Muhammad Mansha Yad's first fiction collection, which was published in 1975 by Mawara Publications, Rawalpindi. "Mas Aur Matti" is a novel collection of two epics by Minsha Yad. It was first published by Zakir Shah in 1980 from Modern Book Depot, Islamabad. The second edition was published in 1957. "Khala Ander Khala" is the third stories collection of Mansha Yad. It was published for the first time in 1938 from the Haramt Press, Rawalpindi. It is a stories collection published in December 1986 at Mother Book Depot, Islamabad. Mansha Yad's fifth stories collection, "Darakht Aadmi", was published in 1990 by Pakistan Books, Lahore

"Door Ki Aawaz" is Mansha Yad's sixth stories collection, which was first published in Pakistan in 1994 by Lahore Books. It is a collection that was published for the first time by Dost Publications, Islamabad with the support of Asif Mahmood. "Khwab Saray" is Mansha Yad's 8^th collection published from islamabad in 2005. "Ek Kankar Tehre Pani Mein" is 9th collection of stories published by Dost Publications Islamabad in 2010 under the authority of Asif Mahmood. The present article presents a study of his collection "Band muthi Mein Jugnu

مجید امجد کی نظموں میں صنعتی دور کے فرد کی نفسیات

2024-09-27T17:27:21+00:00

On the whole, Majeed Amjad's poems are unique because of their concepts. He has neither imitated anyone nor encouraged anyone to imitate him. His poetry is not reserved for any particular class, but its scope is so wide that it includes animals, plants, flowers, fruits, earth, insects, and children. He has even incorporated life and death into his poetry. His subjects are truly original. Majid Amjad is a poet with a unique voice, as the themes he incorporates into his poetry reflect every aspect of the modern industrial age. He also sheds light on the psychology of humans in this era. His poems reveal glimpses of the relationship between nature and humanity, which he portrays in both innocent and harsh ways

شوکت صدیقی کے تین منتخب افسانوں کا موضوعاتی مطالعہ ( کیمیاگر، تیسرا آدمی اور عشق کے دو چار دن کے مطالعے کی روشنی میں)

2024-10-01T12:32:00+00:00

Shaukat Siddiqui is a famed soul in Urdu literature. His contributions to the field encompass four novels, four short story collections, and two columns book compilations. He earned prominence with his magnum opus novel 'Khuda Ki Basti. His short stories shows thematic diversity, exploring topics such as: progressivism, violence, lawlessness, corruption, feudalism, romance, impact of World War II and topics such as refugee resettlement. His works give a subtle portrayal of societal issues, showcasing his mastery of storytelling and commitment to social commentary. In this column, thematic study of three short stories will be presented.

محمد جمیل کا چو خیل کے افسانوی مجموعہ ”نوحۂ بے نام“ میں منظر نگا ری

2024-10-02T13:17:27+00:00

Just as a poem is a mirror of its culture, customs and human problems, in the same way a good and quality prose is also a complete representative of the society. In this way, both a good poem and a good prose live on even after the death of the poet and give respect to writers after death. One name in this list of writers and poets is Muhammad Jameel Kachokhel. He added myths to the modern age through his unique style His writing, whether in poetry or prose, is derived from his soil and environment. In his writing, the material problems of the common people and their intellectual structure are clearly visible. His writing is based on common habits, Customs and traditions are such a mirror in which every person of the society can see his own face. Apart from the flight of his mental and intellectual world, what he has felt in the field of national struggle and in his surroundings, he has clothed it in words through his pen. The art of imagery along with other technical accessories is at the peak in his fictions. There are excellent examples of imagery in his legendary collection "Noha e Benam" Which is the main theme of the said article.

اردو داستان میں ہند اسلامی تہذیب

2024-10-10T15:11:00+00:00

Hind-Islamic civilization, for the last one thousand years, has remained the determining factor in shaping the history, culture, social norms and thought patterns, likes and dislikes and personalities of the people of Indian Sub-Continent. It has also reshaped the content and form of different fine arts like poetry, music, architecture, calligraphy and has infused the spirit of Islam in all genres of Indian literature. Dastan, like Ghazal, is a substantial archive of the vast cultural, ethnic and religious diversity of this home of many nations. This article specifically studies the portrayals of culture and everyday life of the Sub-Continental man in Urdu Dastan. The aim of this article is the make available for the reader the heart and mind of the people of this region which were once imbued with the shared feelings, aspirations, cultural norms nestled and nurtured by a millennia-old social bonding of Hindus and Muslims.

براہوئی ادب میں پیروڈی کا استعمال

2024-10-18T13:26:16+00:00

This research article will explain the use of Parody in Brahui literature. Being an old language, Brahui literature is also progressing day by day. Now, this language has entered into modern era. Prose and Poem are being written on creative basis in Brahui literature. It has developed that much as all genres of literature have been used in this language. Parody is the part of Humor literature and it is used to imitate the style of a serious poetry with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect. Brahui literature is rich in humor. Numerous books have been published of humor literature. Jabbar Yar is the first poet of Brahui language who use the genre of Parody in Brahui language. Then Abdullah Johar showed his ability in Parody writing. In his book named “Takoo ta Teeki”, he has written some parodies of famous Brahui poet’s poetry.

مولوی لطف علی کے سیفل نامہ کا ایک قدیم قلمی نسخے سے محمد بشیر احمد ظامی کے مرتبہ نسخے سے تقابلی مطالعہ

2024-10-25T03:21:13+00:00

Saifal Nama by Maulvi Lutaf Ali is a masterpiece of Siraiki literature. Saifal Nama also gained great popularity and influenced also countless people. The wonder is that where it influenced poets and writers, it influenced a common man even more.

Khawaja Farid says about the Saifal Nama “In the beginning, there was no word except for the words of Saifal written by poet Lutaf Ali. Like all classical poets, Lutaf Ali’s Saifal Nama could not be published in his life time. Eighty-Eight years after the death of Maulvi Lutaf Ali, Saifal Nama was published for the first time. From its first publication, Saifal Nama gained great popularity which resulted in fact that various publishers in Punjab started publishing it regardless of the soundless of the text in view of their financial gained. As a result, there are many manuscripts of the printed text, but none of them meet the criteria of authentic or correct text in view of this need, Muhammad Bashir Ahmad Zami published Moulvi Lutaf Ali’s Saifal Nama under the name of Saif ul Muluk. This is much better and superior work then the previous work. It is valued in academic and literary circles. Despite all this, the need for an authentic text is still needed. For this reason, for the first time in 2010 a comparative study of Muhammad Bashir Ahmed Zami’s manuscript was done with the belief and hope that in this way we will have the authentic text of Maulvi Lutaf Ali in future.

This article includes an introduction to Maulvi Lutaf Ali, a brief history of the printing of his kalaam, an interoduction to Muhammad Bashir Ahmed Zami, and the results of a comparative study of the Saifal Nama manuscript with Muhammad Bashir Ahmed Zami manuscript.

ڈاکٹر گوہر نوشاہی کی ادبی خدمات

2024-10-26T19:15:43+00:00

There are various aspects of Dr. Gohar Noshahi's scholarly and editing personality but Dr. Sahib's fame is due to two aspects namely research and editing. According to Dr. Tabassum Kashmiri Dr. Gohar Noshahi is a respected name in Urdu research. His research life spans many decades. Dr. Sahib was a researcher by nature, so all his research work gives a deep impression to this researcher. In his research skills, he was influenced by documentary research. According to Dr. Rashid Amjad Dr. Gohar Noshahi is a distinguished researcher and critic. He is from Lahore Research School. His language is very smooth and fluent. Due to which the spiritual breadth of his writing captivates the reader. "His name is important and unique in Pakistani Urdu research."In this article, we have mentioned his editing and research services with the references. Dr. Gohar Noshahi, the author of many books. Dr. Gohar Noshahi is an important name in the tradition of editing in Urdu. Indeed Gohar Noshahi is a great name among the Urdu writers.

تدریس غزل: مسائل، مشکلات اور امکانات

2024-11-01T09:20:33+00:00

Teaching Ghazal in Urdu literature is an important topic because of its aesthetic beauty and literary value. However, there are several challenges and difficulties in teaching Ghazal that make the process complex. This research aims to identify these issues and explore possible solutions. The study examines the methods of teaching Ghazal in educational institutions in Punjab and draws conclusions based on teaching experiences.

میر تقی میر کا مرغوب پرندہ”بلبل“ :تحقیقی وتنقیدی جائزہ

2024-11-10T07:38:18+00:00

There are many symbols found in the poetry of "Khudaye Sukhan "Mir Taqi Mir, in which his poetic system is organized. Among these poetic symbols, there is also the symbol of the "Bulbul". Bulbul" is used in Urdu poetry as a pleasant bird as well as in the meaning of beloved. Mir's uniqueness is that this bird is also a symbol of our cultural and civilizational heritage. In Mir's poetry, such words as "Tayr", "Murgh", "Andalib" are used frequently There colours are present in the long era of Urdu poetry. There is a tradition which has been immortalized by Mir Taqi Mir in his poetry. This analysis has been presented in the article.

شمیم حیدر ترمذی بحیثیت تاثراتی نقاد

2024-11-10T07:55:19+00:00

Criticism is a whole wealth for life. Literary criticism helps to understand the criteria of literature. Shamim Haider Tirmizi is a multidimensional personality. As being a top ranked educationist. he also holds the character of Researcher, an authentic writer, expressive critic and His two famous books depicts “Adab Aasar” and “Adab aor Asar” which helps to understand the comprehension of literature. He also tried his best to illuminate the hidden literary fancies for the readers. As a expressive critic he highlights poetry, prose, Hammad, Naat, Humour, novels etc. He also put & positive outlook about other poets, writers, prose writers, novelists even then every type of literature. His criticism proved a helpful tool for better understanding of Urdu literature. As being an expressive critic the depicts as he described in the book. He also felt relaxed when readers can better understand his theology of criticism.

قتیل شفائی اور ساحر لدھیانوی کی گیت نگاری اختراقات کے تناظرمیں

2024-11-15T16:13:03+00:00

Qatil Shafai, who was born as Muhammad Aurangzeb in the touristic and spacious place of Haripur, song starts in 1948, when he wrote two songs in the musical romantic film 'Teri Yaad', both of them received public acclaim. One of them was 'Dukkh Ki Maari Rahar Api Bhaag Ko Roi' and another was 'Mohabbate Ka Mara Chala Yaa', after which he wrote one or two songs for most of the films.

Qatil Shafai continued to deliver a bouquet of mesmerizing and memorable songs in the 60s. Be it the record song 'Ae Dil Kisi Ki Yad Mein Hota Hai Be Kare Kyun' in the voice of Saleem Raza and Naseem Begum from the movie 'Ek Tara Sahara' or 'Dil Dita Hai Ro Ro Dekad Kise Se' from the movie 'Ishq Pe Zor Nahin'. Koi Pyaar Na Kare' or similarly, singer Mala's song 'Muh Ai Na Jag Se Laj Ke Ghangro Tot Gaye', along with the feeling of love and love, also sheds light on the pain of love.

Sahir Ludhianvi's songs were mostly sung by Muhammad Rafi, Mukesh, Talat Mehmood, Lata Mangeshkar, Manade, Asha Bhonsle, Geetat and Kishore Kumar. Sahar Ludhianvi was a close friend of Yash Chopra. Yash Chopra wrote songs for many of his films with him. These films include "Waqt, Trishul, Kabhi Kabhi and Daag". All these four films proved to be super hits and of course Sahir Ludhianvi's songs played a big role in the success of these films. Sahir Ludhianvi was once asked about which films he faced difficulty while writing songs, and he named three films, "Pyasa, Hum Both Aur Vaqt". All the songs of the famous movie "Taj Mahal" released in 1962 became popular. This article is written on the basis of differences among these two writers.

قتیل شفائی اور ساحر لدھیانوی کی گیت نگاری اختراقات کے تناظرمیں

2024-11-15T16:23:53+00:00

محمد منشاء یاد کے ناول "راہیں " کے کرداروں کا تجزیہ

2024-11-15T16:31:18+00:00

"Mansha Yaad is one of the famous short story writer and Novelist in Pakistan. He highlighted the core issues of Pakistani societies in his work. He wrote on the rural issues about the lack of facilities in rural area as well he also wrote on the darker sides of urban life. Mansha yaad proofs himself through his style and the selection of the topics. He belongs to a village situated in Punjab is one of the reason that he portrayed beautifully the social issues of the rural life in his novels. He wrote on lot of social issues such as politics, religion, urban and rural problems, poverty, and etc. In this article researcher discussed different characters of the novel “Rahain”.

اُردوزبان اورلسانیات کے ماہرین:ایک جائزہ

2024-11-16T04:15:04+00:00

The development of Urdu was shaped by religious and literary figures, as well as by royal patrons, leading to its popularity among all classes. Linguistics, the scientific study of language, transformed traditional approaches by emphasizing a structured analysis of language beyond mere storytelling. Modern linguistics now connects literature more closely to reality, influences fields like psychology, anthropology, and philosophy, and aids in literary criticism. In Urdu, linguistic studies gained academic focus in the 19th century, progressing in recent times with further advancements in analyzing language structure and social applications.

ڈاکٹر نجم الرشید کے تحقیقی مقالات: تعارف و تجزیہ

2024-11-17T06:40:10+00:00

Dr. Najam Ur Rashid is a distinguished Persian critic and researcher from Pakistan, renowned for his contributions to Persian language and literature. He has served as a professor at two of Pakistan's major universities: the University of Baluchistan in Quetta and the University of Punjab in Lahore. In addition to his teaching career, Dr. Rashid has made significant strides in research and criticism within the field of Persian language and literature. His scholarly output includes an extensive collection of books and articles, with over eighty research papers covering various topics related to Persian language and literature. This article introduces his research papers and offers a brief analysis of his contributions to the field.

لیاقت علی کے افسانوں میں مقامی معاشرت کا عکس

2024-11-17T10:15:18+00:00

Liaqat Ali is one of the emerging fiction writers of todays. He was born on September 13,1972 in Multan and grew up here. He studied in Multan and today he is serving as a Urdu professor in Islamia University Bahawalpur. Liaqat Ali is a Short Story writer who interprets locality. So far, two fictional collections have been published. In which, we can see the dynamic images of the culture and society of Multan. He has interpreted the life, problems and difficulties of a local man in his stories. He has made local life of Multan the subject of his stories and also created characters which is connected to his land. How much the stories of Liaqat Ali are under the impact and influence of localism? It is being analysis and explored in this article.

فارسی لغات کے مختلف مدارس اور ان کی انفرادی خصوصیات

2024-09-10T02:50:43+00:00

The various schools of Persian lexicography and their unique characteristics have played a crucial role in the development of the Persian language and literature. These schools have not only enhanced the linguistic understanding of Persian but also preserved the historical, literary, and cultural aspects of the language. The tradition of lexicography in Persian has significantly contributed to the evolution, preservation, and intellectual growth of the language, making complex subjects more accessible. Each school of Persian lexicography has highlighted different facets of the Persian language under its distinctive characteristics. They have produced dictionaries that range from ancient classical words to modern scientific terminology, thereby enriching the linguistic comprehension and safeguarding the historical and literary heritage of Persian. For instance, the ancient school focused on the understanding of classical Persian words and literary texts. The Islamic school incorporated Islamic terminology into Persian and played a pivotal role in the promotion of Islamic sciences. The Safavid and Timurid schools developed lexicons according to the needs of the royal court and the state, while the modern school further solidified the evolution of Persian through modern linguistic and historical analysis.

The Sufi school simplified mystical terms and topics, and the philosophy and wisdom school created lexicons on philosophical and scholarly subjects. The sciences and arts school compiled dictionaries on scientific and technical topics, while the literature school produced lexicons to facilitate the understanding of Persian literature. Additionally, the research and criticism school focused on academic research and literary criticism, and the Qajar court lexicography school prepared dictionaries based on the royal court's official language. The modernity and reform school organized dictionaries according to the requirements of contemporary Persian, while the linguistics school developed lexicons based on the structural foundations and principles of the language. The comparative literature school prepared dictionaries that compared Persian literature with other languages, and the contemporary philosophy school compiled lexicons on modern philosophical theories and terms. The social sciences school incorporated social science terminology into Persian, and the historical lexicography school produced dictionaries based on the historical aspects of the Persian language. Moreover, the comparative lexicography school compared Persian with other languages and compiled dictionaries, while the vernacular lexicography school focused on dictionaries based on the popular language and dialects. The technical lexicography school prepared dictionaries for scientific, technical, and professional fields, while the educational lexicography school compiled dictionaries for academic curricula. Lastly, the general lexicography school created comprehensive dictionaries that included all types of words and terms. In summary, the various schools of Persian lexicography, each with its unique focus, have illuminated different aspects of the Persian language and contributed significantly to its development and preservation.

كاربُرد ابیات فارسی در شرح مكاتبات علامی از ابوالفیض ملاحت

2024-09-27T03:05:34+00:00

This article is about Persian verses used in commentary of Makatbat-e-Allami by Abul Faiz Malahat, Malahat is a famous literary figure in the Subcontinent of 13th century. He was a prominent Persian writer, poet, commentator and teacher. Although very little information is available about his biography, but his valuable and noteworthy works that he left behind, He wrote many other commentaries too like Nil-o-Dman, Gill Kushti, Qisah-e-Sodagar-e-Pesri, and Makatbat-e-Allami etc. It's an art to elaborate text and to convey meaning to the readers in easy manner. Perhaps this is a new thing for readers that he was not only writer but was a poet too as he quotes others poetry and sometimes rights his own. So therefore in this Article and endeavor has been made to highlight the beauties of writings of Malahat's prose which is blend of prose and poetry. It can be said that after Mughal era this type of writing is missing.