"Jahan-e-Tahqeeq" is an open-access, HEC recognized (Y category) peer-reviewed trilingual Journal that has been publishing quality research since 2018. The Journal strives to publish work of high quality in the domain of literature in English, Urdu, and Arabic languages. The Journal does not publish the researches which do not fall in the scope of the Journal. Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) History Language and Linguistics Archeology (arts and humanities) History and Philosophy of Science Literature and Literary Theory Philosophy Religious Studies Visual Arts and Performing Arts Literary Theories Pure and Applied Linguistics
"احمد فراز کی غزل کا صرفی اور نحوی رنگ و آہنگ"
Ahmad Faraz is one of the most famous poets of the second half of the twentieth century. The poets of this era have revolutionized the literary world. They set precedence for the younger generations. Ahmad Fraz's poetry is enriched with a variety of subjects and themes. A close look at his ghazal reveals that the wonderful expression of these themes results from his mastery over the art and technicalities of ghazal. A critical eye into grammar and syntax of his ghazal will throw light on the splendid use of inversion of Subject, Verb and Object; and the nominal, the verbal, the optative and the interrogative sentences. In Ahmad Faraz's ghazal, Nouns and verbs combine to produce the holistic effect, the nouns have been used to convey the thought and verbs for adding grace.The present article highlights the use of grammar and syntax,word order and nouns and verbs effect on structure and themes of Ahmad Fraz's Ghazals.
A STUDY OF THE CAUSES OF DROPOUT IN SEMESTER SYSTEM: ACASE OF BZU MULTAN
The basic purpose of this research was to recognize the causes of drop out in semester system at university level. The study was delimited to Bahuddin Zakariya university Multan.Data were collected from teachers and the of the same university. The sample of 51 were taken through snowball sampling technique as only those were included in the research that were drop out from university in the year 2017 from different programmes of university. The sample of teachers (33) was also taken from the similar departments from which the study sample of was taken. Two self-constructed questionnaires were developed and got validated. The average, frequency, standard deviation and percentages were used to attain definite conclusions. it was found that the major causes of dropout were medium of instructions, teachers attitude, own company and absenteeism. Majority of the teachers showed lower level of agreement. Such as unfair marking by the teachers, ineffective communication by the teachers, and lack of individual guidance and maladjustment of in environment etc.
A Study of Philosophical Elements among the Representative Poets of Modern Urdu Ghazal
The ancient tradition of Urdu ghazal is tolerant of the inclination of value towards coercion, but the modern Urdu ghazal has clarified its trend of value and authority. The attitude of is a natural consequence of the growing consciousness of human greatness. In Urdu ghazal, where tragic expressions have prevailed, in modern ghazal, there is also a demand for tarbiya expression, Nishatiya Ahang. Ghazal has been connecting with the past and the present in terms of its experience and all these things must be present in the consciousness under modern Ghazal. The meaning of jinn, rapture, madness, absorption and sukran all give priority to the ghazal. Rather than jinns, instead of intellect and rapture, self-awareness is indispensable. From the beginning, Urdu ghazal is tolerant of identifying a human being as a human being. States came into being, the country was divided in the form of population death, many unpleasant incidents also took place during the 1971 war, the secession of East Pakistan, and the lack of trust against the government and those in power. Modern Ghazal has not been freed from most of the cultural, moral and social values which Urdu Ghazal has been rich with in the past.
IMPROVING EFL SPELLING THROUGH SOUNDS AT PRIMARYLEVEL IN DISTRICT SAHIWAL, PAKISTAN
The main objective of current study is to explore out improve EFL spelling through sounds at primary level. The main aim is to check the improvement of spelling ability through the proper learning of sounds of EFL in students at primary level. The primary schools of district Sahiwal are the population of current study. The researcher selected 20 students from primary schools as sample by using random sampling technique. To analyze the collected data of mean is calculated from obtained score. Finding and conclusions is drawn in the light of responses given by the participants. The analysis shows that sound awareness effect positively on spelling learning of EFL. The study recommends that teacher should provide a proper training of sounds on EFL to improve the spelling ability of the students
DIFFERENCE IN PERCEPTIONS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS FOR THEIR TEACHERS' TO EXHIBITGENDER BIASES
The research attempts to investigate students’ perceptions regarding gender bias practiced by teachers in higher education. There are many forms of gender bias such as imbalance, stereotyping, invisibility, selectivity, linguistics, and isolation as in the case of co-education institutions. It is commonly assumed that students face biases from teachers due to gender. The main objective was to explore students’ perceptions of gender bias. For this study survey method was adopted to collect the data through questionnaires. The population was the students of universities situated in the Lahore district. Six universities and from each university three disciplines were selected conveniently. Sampling consists of 300 students from the selected universities. T-test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze data and find out differences in perceptions on the basis of certain demographic variables. No significant difference was found in the perceptions on the basis of different demographic variables. In conclusion, it can be said that gender bias remains an issue when it comes to student-student connections within classrooms. But students credited sociological perception of gender differences.
Holy prophetʼs (PBUH) Political Wisdom for peace Settlement and Resolving Issues: A Special Study of Madina Charter and Hudaybiyyah Treaty
After migration to madina Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) laid foundation of Madina State. Madina was the First Islamic State where the first charter/ constitution )622 A.D/ 1st AH) was experienced by its Muslims and Non- Muslim citizens. This charter of Madina clearly deal with the internal and external challenges to the Islamic state. On the other Hand treaty of Hudaybiyyah (628AD/ 6 AH) was also a big challenge for Prophet Muhammad (PUBH) for resolving issues and peace settlement. Quraish tribe and Muslims agreed for ten years to affirm peace between two cities Makkah and Madina. This treaty helped to decrease tension and in the following years peaceful pilgrimage. Hazrat Uthman (R.A) was the negotiator for this treaty. In his absence pledge of the tree (bay ‘at al Rizwan) was took place. Hazrat Ali (R.A) was the document writer. This treaty proved Prophetʼs political Wisdom to place Him equal to Quraish. Prophet Muhammad also able to win over formally allied tribes with Quraish. Thus with the technique of better relations with enemies Prophet (PBUH) attracted Quraish towards Islam. This article is an attempt to show prophetic wisdom and resolving issues in said two matters.
Events and issues leave their mark not only on the political and govermantlay system but also on the social life, art and literature and their effects are felt for centuries to come .The issues have been depicted and presented in literature. 21st century s issue and events have a massive impact on Urdu poetry. Urdu poets are narrating new mature sensibility that reflects a deeper understanding and a greater awareness of contemporary global issues. Urdu literature has a deep relation with society. The major expression found in Urdu poems is of anger, grief and distress over the devastation and destruction in Pakistan and all over the world especially in Islamic world. There is always a fear of 3rd world war which fills the mind with terror and a sense of insecurity that prevails around the globe. This is quite panic to think that 21st century starts from tragedy of 9/11 and it prompted a significant amount of multidimensional research and literary activities. Attack on world trade Centre was such a huge and overpowering event that it often overshadows and dominates the writers and poets .Besides this, a loud and bitter protest against the policy of using religion as a tool for exploiting the masses and for creating illusion in their minds. Realities have been vigorously launched in Urdu poetry. The contribution of 21st century ,s poets is tremendous in this regard that how they portrayed the present state of mind of modern man in their poems.
A Study of Dr. Muhammad Ahsan Farooqui's Fiction
Dr. Ahsan Farooqui opened the eyes of the Nawabs and Maharajas in Lucknow, where Amrao Begum's Kotha was known as a symbol of civilization and she was a torchbearer for the civilizations of the region in terms of her culture, where the people of Lucknow developed the language and those of Delhi. Later, Lucknow was declared as the cradle of civilization. The prose that was being written in this era was also a mirror of this civilization. Wrote novels, short stories, essays, fiction and criticism. If we compile a list of his literary efforts, it is a long list, but here we will only talk about the fiction of Ahsan Farooqi, which is our subject. Ahsan Farooqi first became famous in Urdu literature when he " I wrote a long article on the obituary writer of Mir Anis in Risala Nagar. He criticized certain ideas of Mir Anais, his technique and style, poetic and devotional attitudes. This concept found in your fiction also reached its artistic maturity and conscious level with the passage of time. Sometimes there is a feeling of exhaustion in your fiction, but in this exhaustion or despair, the personality never prevailed, but a bright one. And the bright future was seen. This concept presented a perspective. This intellectual thought presented many forms to us. It gave us a sense of purity which was sometimes hidden in the blur. Feelings and imbalances were completely captured but you always shared love in your fiction in an intangible way.
INVESTIGATING THE FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF PH.D STUDENTS AT PUBLIC AND PRIVATESECTOR UNIVERSITIES
The purpose of this study was to assess the mindset of the male and female, employed and unemployed and married and unmarried students regarding the future perspectives of the Ph.D students in Lahore. Literature review was completed for the purpose of clearing the future perspectives of the Ph.D program. The sample of the study was selected by using purposive sampling technique that was comprised of 14 Ph. D students of the university of Punjab. The study was delimited to the university of Punjab and Lahore lead university, Lahore. The in-depth interviews were used for the purpose of data collection as an instrument. Semi-structured questions were asked to the participants. Themes were made by using the transcribed data. After developing themes, it was changed into categories. Then, these were coded to meet the purpose. The results of the study revealed that the students of Ph. D program were not curious about making their future perspectives before taking the admission in Ph.D. program. They just want incentive, social status and recognition after completing the PhD.
Mahir-ul-Qadri was born in the district of UP, India in 1906. After the establishment of Pakistan, he first came to Lahore and then migrated to Karachi. He started his literary career at the beginning of summer. He was accessible. He was a multi-lingual person. His memory was very strong. As a result of this, there was diversity in the knowledge and breadth of Purana on various topics. Mahir-ul-qadri is one of the few personalities who earned a name in literature, unfortunately, Mahir-ul-Qadri could not get the position he deserved. Mahir al-Qadri's study was very extensive, it can be estimated from the fact that he used to consult with the writers and scholars of that time to research a single word. For the purpose of research, he read many books. He was studying. And if someone raised an objection to him regarding a mistake, he would accept it with an open heart and would not give any opinion about any writing without doing research.
SCHOOL CLIMATE AND VOCABULARY BUILDING INENGLISH AT PRIMARY SCHOOLS
The study examined the influence that school climate has on students vocabulary building. Teaching and learning of English as a second language has many complexities around it. Schools climate as a whole contributes towards students’ vocabulary gains. This study explored the association of school climate factors such as school environment, teacher proficiency in language vocabulary, textbooks and resources such as library, audio-video materials with students’ vocabulary building. The study adopted a correlation survey design to gather data on school climate and student vocabulary building. The study analysis showed strong correlation at 0.01 level significant among all factors. The correlation was significant from the perceptions of teachers and students. Results indicated that school climate has strong positive relation with English language building of students and teachers alike. Therefore improvement in learning English could be expedite by improving school climate in
CULTURAL ELEMENTS IN THE POETRY OF MIR TAQI MIR
Mir Taqi Mir's poetry is a mirror of the common culture of Delhi and Luck now. We see that Mir has passed on the civilization, culture, customs and traditions of his time to us as a historian with great responsibility. Luxury is found in the Lucknow civilization while sadness is found in the Delhi civilization. In his poetry, Mir describes the elements of civilization and culture such as customs, traditions, beliefs, religious ideas, clothing, shoes, festivals, etc., and promotes the cultural elements
ںیم ااسفونی ادب اور ی رہمج اگنری ےک : ہفیحص" یک ادیب خ دامت " دیس ا
Syed Abid Ali Abid has made significant literary contributions, notably the unveiling of the literary journal "Sahifa", which has fostered creativity, study, and critique. This study explores the literary offerings of short stories translations from Western literature into Urdu language and published in 'Sahifa'. This study used a qualitative research methodology to investigate the impact of 'Sahifa' in promoting literary skills, facilitating cultural interchange, and enhancing Urdu literature by translating renowned international literary works. This research examines the editorial policies, topic preferences, and translation endeavors under the dynamic editorship of Syed Abid Ali Abid. It aims to highlight the magazine's importance as a venue for literary expression and cross-cultural communication. This study's findings enhance comprehension of the complex relationship between editorial role in literary magazines, fictional literature, and translation within the realm of Urdu literature. It emphasises the lasting impact of 'Sahifa' and the crucial role of Syed Abid Ali Abid in moulding the literary environment.
"اردو اور ہندی: لسانیاتی تناظر، اہم مباحث اور جدید تقاضے"
Urdu-Hindi Controversy has been a subject of linguistic interest due to its typical yet unique nature. It’s not merely a case of diagraphia but indicates a number of underlying reasons which lead to the standardization of Urdu language by setting it on two separate paths. This article explores the basic and important issues which have been the cause of this controversy. The historical, religious, socio-political and linguistic aspects of this controversy have been discussed to understand the problems that lead to an ever widening gap between the two speech communities which shared a common culture for centuries.
ه قار و در شب و شروح فارسی اسکندر نام و ی ب ى ن
Nizami Ganjavi (1141–1209), is the chief romantic poet of Persia, Nizami is considered the greatest romantic epic poet in Persian literature, who brought a colloquial and realistic style to the Persian epic. His heritage is widely appreciated and shared by India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran,the Kurdistan region and Tajikistan.Nizami is best known for his five long narrative poems, which have been preserved.Nizami was a master of the Masnavi style (double-rhymed verses). He wrote poetical works; the main one is the Panj Ganj (Persian:Five Treasures) which is also known by the Persian pronunciation of the Arabic word Khamsa ("Quintet" or "Quinary"). Eskandar-nameh"The Book of Alexander" (1194) or (1196–1202). The Romance of “Alexander the Great” contains 10,500 distichs. There is a difference of opinion on whether this was Nizami's last epic. The story is based on Islamic myths developed about Alexander the Great, which is derived from Qur'anic references to the Dhu'l-Qarnayn as well as from the Greek Alexander romance of Pseudo-Callisthenes. It consists of two books, Sharaf-Nameh and Iqbal-nameh..The land of sub continent has got this honor, that there has been done so vast and difficult work in some such areas have no parallel even in Iran.Narrative, lexicography,Persian Grammer and Composition ,account writing and eloquence Literray Criticism and commentary writing are such genres of the Persian literature in which the Scholars of Persian Language in the sub continent hald a distinguished place and the enjoyed a complete grip on their literary insight knowledge and and prose and verse literature. This is why they rendered newe orientation to he art of commentary writing by penning down numerous commentaries on “Eskandar Nameh”.in the Sub Continent about sixty commentaries of Eskander nameh have so far been taken down in Persian language.Out of these some have been pulished many others are still preserved in the libraries of Europe, Iran and the sub Continent. A detail of these is mention here.
"سرائیکی زبان کی ترقی میں عہدِ سومرہ سے عہدِ تالپور تک مقامی حکومتوں کا کردار"
This paper primarily deals with the growth and development of the Saraiki language after the Muslim conquest in Sindh. Muhammad Bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir in 712 A.D. After him several local dynasties formed in Sindh to Multan and Derajat i.e. Somras, Qramtian, Kalhoras and Talpurs. There is common perception that all these were Saraiki speaking people and they played a significant role in the growth of this language. Although Saraiki is considered an ancient language of Indus Valley along with Sindhi as it is said that Saraiki is the real sister of Sindhi.Dravadians seem to have the greatest influence on Saraiki as a whole. But after the arrival of Muslims, the government of these local families had a profound effect on the development of Saraiki. This article highlights the role played by these family governments in the development of Saraiki.
Chitral is a literary treasure trove that enriches our national literary heritage. The writers here have explored their creative endeavors in every field of literature, expanding the horizons for readers. Through the study of non-fiction literature in Chitral, it becomes evident that the local writers have not only portrayed regional, national, and local issues but have also highlighted the unique cultural aspects of Chitral. The non-literary capital of Chitral serves not only the purpose of addressing objectives but also acts as a significant means of aesthetic satisfaction. In the following article, an analytical review of Chitral's non-fiction prose is presented.
INTAZAR HUSSAIN’S SHORT STORY”AKHRI ADAMI” AND EXISTENTIAL IDENTITY CRISES
Intazar Hussain is the most celebrated fiction writer in Urdu Literature. His writings are mainly concerned with the human values and their crises, civilizations and their downfalls and traditions and their meanings in life. He remained unique because of his symbolic style in his writings.This research is conducted to explore the existential idenitity crises in his short story”Akhri Adami” through the lens of existentialism. Intazar Hussain has artistically clairify the idea that humans are same as animal without recognizing the values of existential identity.
THE JURISPRUDENCE OF SINCERITY AND FOLLOWING IN THE LIFE OF THE PREACHER)THROUGH SAHIH IBN KHUZAYMAH, MAY GOD HAVE MERCY ON HIM))original study(
Praise be to God, Lord of the worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the master of preachers and the leader of the messengers, Muhammad, his family and all his companions. Sincerity and following are among the foundations upon which the religion of Islam is based, and they are both required and obligatory in deeds. Rather, the acceptance of actions depends on them. If sincerity and following are lost, the action has no weight, and the Book and the correct Prophetic Sunnah have indicated their importance. All the prophets and messengers called for these two great and important matters, and they warned their people about them.I have - by the grace of God Almighty - studied the hadiths of Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah from the beginning to the end of a new hadith, and deduced from them what is related to the attributes of the caller.The research was called: “The Jurisprudence of Sincerity and Following in the Life of the Da’i, through Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah, may God have mercy on him”
CHANGING ATTITUDE FOR THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN PAKISTANI RELIGIOUSSEMINARIES
This study explores the changing attitudes in connection with the English language in the religious seminaries of Pakistan. Despite the suggestions of many leading Islamic figures of different sects before and after the making of Pakistan, the attitude of the ulema has not changed for the English language. However, at present, the past attitudefor the English language has been changed, as the interviews of some renowned scholars belonging to different sects of Islam show. At present, there are a total of 2.26 million enrollments recorded in different Islamic religious seminaries across the country. This paper elaborates that attitude for the English language in Islamic seminaries starts changing. The present study is of a qualitative nature. The data was obtained with the help of a semi-structured interview. The participants of this study were four representatives of religious seminaries with different Islamic sects. The study transpired a rapid change in attitude for the English language in Pakistani religious seminaries. There is a need for support from the government in providing language teachers and the relevant materials and a change in education policy. The paper upholds some recommendations to make the present change of language attitude better in Pakistan
MUHAMMAD ILYAS'S STORIES REFLECT THE DECLINE OF SOCIETY
Muhammad Ilyas has been recognized as daring social realist in the contemporary scenario. He has emerged as a social realist. He has beautifully described these immoral habits and uncivilized lifestyles of the society, and highlighted the problems found in the society. Muhammad Ilyas is not unfamiliar with the scene of Urdu literature. Personality is all encompassing. He is both a novelist and a fictionist. So, in this regard, research purpose was to show off his individually. This study highlights almost all the aspects of social decline that effects badly in a society. . So, this research deals causes of moral decline in the fictional work of Muhammad Ilyas and analysis of the moral decline of society.
Transgression of a foreign power into a nation by nullifying its supremacy and improving own country’s economic conditions by exploiting rights and resources of local populace, is called Colonization. Study of human civilization and customs reveal that human life is teemed with different faces of colonization. The first mission of colonialists is to occupy resources of local population so that locals become economically handicapped and perforce start obeying colonialists .Effects of colonialism are so impactful that society can still be felt clamped in its claws. Although Indian society had its own culture and customs, yet after arrival of the colonialist, not only the forces clashed but the civilizations of east and west also collided. The changes of this era of colonialism also impacted literature .The literature written in this era reflects socio-political attitude of India. The use of racial bias by the west, violation of human rights, barbarism and abusive use of power is truly depicted in this article. Where this colonization became the source of chaos and difficulties, it also introduced capitalism. Capitalism paved the way for positive economic changes in the Indian society
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF INDEGINIZATION IN NOVEL "QAID":IN THE CONTEXT OFPOSTMODERINISM
Post Modrenism Contrary to super narrative concepet,tries to strengthen the voice of/small cultural groups.In super narrative the smaller narrative ignored.in urdu literature many writers produced stories under the influence of sterioty literature theories.Abdullah Hussain,s very first novel, “Udas Naslien ” broke the tradition and gave importance to native Narrative ,in wich common man,s thoughts presented.In the noval “Qaid” Novelist chose the locality of central Punjab.In the context of small village “Rakhwal” writer discussed cultures , politics ,social religion ,mythes etc in artistic way.All his fiction as general , and “Qaid”speacially focused the rural society and its issues.In this article efforts have been made to analyse the novel “Qaid”is the context of Post Modren critical theories.
"کرونا وبا کے تناظر میں 'دریا کی تشنگی' کا تحقیقی مطالعہ"
In the end of 2019 an epidemical virus namely Corona virus or Covid-19 burst out throughout the world. Within a short period of time it became pandemic globally. This epidemic affected the whole circle of life. It affected the minds of Urdu poets seriously and they omitted their thoughts about it in the shape of poetry. Kishwar Naheed, in her last collection “Daria ki Tishnagi” wrote a number of poems about Corona. A research study of Kishwar Naheed’s views about Corona is sought out in this article.
ATTITUDE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS TOWARDS POETRY IN ENGLISH AS ASECOND LANGUAGE CLASSROOM
Several factors affect second language learning process including motivation, attitude, intelligence, age, gender and personality. However, attitude towards language teaching text carries vital importance in an ESL classroom(Garinger, 2002). This research paper attempts to measure the attitude of English as a second language (ESL) learners towards the text of poetry and its effect on the English-speaking skill of the learners. This was an experimental study employing a one-group Pretest-posttest research design.The respondents of the study were forty students from the faculty of social sciences, University of Malakand, Pakistan. An attitude questionnaire was circulated amongst the respondents after the intervention. The responses of the learners were analysed through statistical tests to find out their attitude towards poetry as language teaching materials. The results of the questionnaire showed that the students had a positive attitude towards the text of poetry as language teaching materials. The study also attempted to investigate the effect of the students’ attitude on their speaking skill while using poetry as teaching materials. To this effect, the scores of the students on the pretest and posttest were analysed through paired samples t-test andthe results indicated that the students performed significantly better on the posttest. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended that poetry be utilized in ESL classrooms.
SOCIAL ELEMENTS IN BALWANT SINGH’S SHORT STORIES
Balwant Singh (1921-86), author of more than 40 volumes of fiction, which includes 22 novels and about 300 short stories; was in the forefront of Urdu literary world with Bedi, Manto and Krishan Chandar. Even before the Partition Balwant Singh had established himself as a notable writer of fiction in Urdu. Balwant Singh depicted rural life in the Punjab with an insight; especially, his perception of the Sikh psyche is unrivalled. He had the courage to delve deep into the intricacies of the human mind and illuminated hidden terrains which not only made his stories unique but also turned the characters memorable. The greatest characteristic of Singh’s stories is their variety. The writer had seen life from multiple aspects and attempted to understand and explain many of its problems. He was skilled at characterization and several of his creations — Jagga, Albela, Babu Manik Lal — illustrate opposing conditions of human life as the writer took care to bring out their contradictions rather than allowing them to appear uniform. This paper is an attempt to bring Balwant Singh from out of oblivion and provide the insight into fragments of his literary work.
ITEM ANALYSIS FOR TEST TO EXAMINE THE EFFECT OF E-MODULE ON THE ACADEMICPERFORMANCE OF 7TH CLASS SCIENCE STUDENTS IN ISLAMABAD
The main aim of this research was to investigate quantitative characteristics ( difficulty level, discrimination index and distractor efficiency) of research tool regarding the first four units of 7th class general science to be used for pretest on the research on “effect of e-module on the academic performance of 7th class general science students in Islamabad”. The researchers got the data from 210 randomly selected students both from urban and rural area schools of Islamabad Capital Territory. Researchers used 33% students from high achievers and 33% from the lower achievers by taking 70 students from HE and 70 students from LEs. In difficulty level (Diff I) and discrimination index (DI) of total 140 students were taken both from group of high marks from top corner and group of lower marks for the bottom corner. Distractor analysis (DE) was done on the data of 210 students. Descriptive statistics was used to analyses the data. On the basis of findings from the analyses of difficulty level and discrimination index that two test items (16 & 17) were eliminated from the tool due to very low values of Diff. I ( <29) and DI values (><20). Four items were difficult (revised and improved) and 17 items were moderately difficult retained and sustained. There was only one item which was easy. Discrimination index (DI) of 22 items was discriminatory and retained after minor improvements. Distractor analysis (DE) determines the functionality of distractors. If some distractors are not selected by the students/respondents they are considered for revisions. In this research only one distractor was found to have DE value less than 5%, and three distractors with DE value less than 7%. It was recommended to eliminate and change distractor with value of DE less than 5% and revise and improve distractors with DE value less than 7%. It was also found that except two test items all items were valid and reliable. It was further recommended that item analyses is very useful technique to find the reliability and validity of a tool .>
discrimination index and distractor effectiveness
GIRISH KARNAD'S PLAYS: MYTHOLOGY VERSUS REALITY
The roles and duties of men and women are taken stereotypically, generally throughout the world and specifically in the Indian Subcontinent. The observed roles of a woman are to stay confined at home, raise the parish of the man, and complete the house chores. Whereas men are perceived to go out for earning concerns, stand guard over the women, and give a peaceful environment to their families. Over time, transition into a society continued and caused improvement in some of the neglected and rigid areas. This article aims to discover how Girish Karnad, an Indian, portrays women's status in a male-dominated society through different incidents extracted from Indian mythology. The Indian society is depicted through some mythological stories which reflect India during the 21st century. Karnad, by exploring mythological stories, unwraps how miserably the women of 21st century India are living in the same ways as the women of ages ago used to live. After reading Karnad's plays, the reader instantly catches the variations in power that the creator of the characters has given to his female characters. An indirect comparison of the possession of power is part of his writing. Thus, the thought-provoking pieces of literature; which give space to a reader's critical approach and are also the key concern of this article are the plays Naga-Mandala (1988), Yayati (1961), and Hayavadana (1972).
Personality Traits as Predictor of Aggressive Behavior in Pubg Gamers. A Comparison betweenAgreeableness and Neuroticism
Background: PUBG has been criticized for being a violent game and extreme violence can lead to aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behavior which can negatively impact a player's mental health. Objective: The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between personality traits (agreeableness, neuroticism) and aggressive behavior among PUBG Gamers. Design of the Study: A co relational research design and non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. Place and Duration of the study: This study was conducted from March 2021 to December 2021 in Lahore and Faisalabad. Sample and Method: A random sample of 210 students, aged between 18 to 125 years (mean age=1.57, SD=.496.) were selected from different private and government academic institutions. A self-developed demographic sheet was administered along with the Big Five Inventory (BFI) (Goldberg, 1993), and The Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) (1992) were used for assessment. For data analysis, IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient, multiple regression analysis, and independent-sample t-test was used for result analysis. Results and Conclusion: It was revealed that neurotic (personality trait) is significantly and positively correlated with aggressive behavior, whereas it was negatively and significantly correlated with agreeableness (Personality Traits). The findings will be helpful for Families, friends, teachers, and therapists to manage the harmful impacts of PUBG on gamers having different personality traits
RESEARCH BASED CRTICAL ANALYSIS” ZUBAAN E MEER”
Urdu is a representative language of India's hostory and civilisation. Meer Taqi Mir is considered one of the greatest poets of Urdu. Apart from other poetic features of his poetry, his diction and style prove his sublime work. He utilised many words and phrases of Sansikrit, Arabic, Persian and scores of other Indian languages after refining them linguistically. His poetry does not lose its Urdu color inspite of using Persian and Arabic usages. He artistically moulds them into an Urdu poetic tone after altering their sound, form or meanings. Letters and words, nouns and verbs, phrases, similes and metaphors are deeply inspired by the standards of Urdu spoken in Dehli and Rekhta. He is a scholar of diction usage, teacher of linguistic changes and an artist of skillful use of poetic art. Thanks to artistic and thematic features of Mir's verses by which Urdu poetry stands equal to poetry created in other world. The critical research on Mir's use of language exhibit that he is a legendary poet of Ganga-Jamna civilisation. He took birth from Indian soil and gave birth to such a great poetry of Indian language and style that has the power to become an eternal work.
Representative of Hindustani History and civilization
Lengendary poet of Ganga jamna civilization