COPULATIVE COMPOUNDS IN PUNJABI: MORPHEME-BASED MORPHOLOGY
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Abstract
The present work aims to analyze and elucidate the various instances of compounding in Punjabi, explicitly focusing on copulative compounds. The copulative compound does not exhibit a head modifier relation but demonstrates coordination between its two elements. For instance, the words “actor-manager” and “actor and manager” contain two semantic heads due to the autonomous nature of its constituent elements. The constituents of these compounds exhibit fusion, wherein one constituent is completely assimilated into the other, distinguishing them from endocentric and exocentric compounds. The data has been gathered from both the Punjabi grammar book and individuals who are native speakers of Punjabi. The findings from the data analyses indicate that the three hypotheses proposed by the morpheme-based theory are highly appropriate and applicable to the Punjabi copulative compounds.
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References
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Butt, M. (2007). The role of pronominal suffixes in Punjabi. Retrieved from http://ling.uni Konstanz.de/pages/home/butt/main/papers/final-Punjabi-pdf on 3/6/2015.
Booij, G. (2007). The grammar of words: An Introduction to linguistic morphology, 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
Cahyanti (2016). Compound Word Used in Stephenie Meyers’s Twilight. Journal on English as a Foreign Language, 6(1), 59-70.
Cabtree & Power. (1985). An Introduction to Language. 4th Edition. Chicago: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.
Delahunty & Garvey. (2010). The English Language: From Sound to Sense. Fort Collins, Colorado: The WAC Clearinghouse and Parlor Press
Fabb, N. (1998). Compounding. Spencer, A. Zwicky, A. eds. The Handbook of Morphology. Oxford: Blackwell, 66–83.
Fudeman, K. & Aronoff, M. (2010). What is Morphology? 2nd Ed. Sussex UK. Willey-Blackwell. A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication.
Gleason, H.A. (1961). An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics. 2 nd Ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Godby, C. J., Wallace, R., Jolley, C., & Ohio State University. (1982). Language files, materials for an introduction to the language. Reynoldsburg, Ohio: Advocate Pub. Group.
Halle, M. 1973. Prolegomena to a Theory of Word-Formation, Linguistic Inquiry 4, pp. 451-464.
Iqbal, M. (2015). A morphology of Punjabi noun: An OT analysis. A Thesis. Department of English Language & Literature. University of Gujrat.
Islam, R.A. (2011). The morphology of loanwords Urdu: the Persian, Arabic, and English strands. A Thesis. School of English Literature, Language & Linguistics. Newcastle University.
Jain, D. &, Cardona, G. (2007). Indo-Aryan Languages. P:680. Google Books. Retrieved from, books.google.com.pk/books?isbn=1135797110. 17/08/2014.
Josan, G. S., & Lehal, G. S. (2012). Direct Approach for Machine Translation from Punjabi to Hind. CSI Journal of Computing, 1(1), 3:19-3:27.
Khan, M, K. (2013). Pashto Phonology: The Relationship between syllable structure and Word order. Doctoral dissertation. Department of English, Faculty of Arts, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan.
Khokhlova, L. V. (2014). Majority language death. In H. C. Cardoso (Eds), Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia (pp. 19-45). Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Kiparsky, P. 1982. From Cyclic Phonology to Lexical Phonology, in Hulst, H. van der and N. Smith (eds.) The Structure of Phonological Representations (I), pp.131-175
Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online: http://www.ethnologue.com/.
Malik, (2006). Punjabi Machine Transliteration. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the ACL, pp 1137-1144.
Marchand, H. (1960). The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-formation: A Synchronic-Diachronic Approach. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Mohsen, H. (2018). Sunget adab sawar. Faisalabad : Sunget publications.
Nida, E. (1957). Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words. 2 nd Ed. New Jersey: The University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor.
Noumianty, D. S. (2016). An Analysis of compound words on culinary terms in MasterChef U.S. Season 7 (2016).
Olsen, S. (2000). Compounding and stress in English: A closer look at the boundary between morphology and syntax. Linguistische Berichte 181: 55–69.
Rahman, T. (1996a). Language and politics in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Rahman, T. (2003). Education in Pakistan: A survey (No. 2). SPO Discussion Paper Series, Discussion Paper.
Rahman, T. (2011). From Hindi to Urdu: A social and political history. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Ralli, A.(2010). Compounding versus derivation. Scalise, S. Irene V.eds. Cross
Disciplinary Issues in Compounding. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
Riaz, F. (2011). Punjabi Language: a study of language desertion. (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis). National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad
Stageberg, (1999). An Introductory English Grammar. Chicago: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.
Wikipedia contributors. (2018, December 30). Punjabi language. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:18, December 30, 2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_language&oldid=875976856
Yule, G. (1985). The Study of Language: An Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Yule, G (2006).The Study of Language, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press.
http://www.lingref.com/cpp/decemb/5/paper1619.pdf
Zaidi, A. (2011). Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Punjabi in Pakistan: a GIDS approach. Journal of Language and Literature Review, 1(1), 15-29.