عہدِ افغان میں کشمیرکےثقافتی وادبی نمایاں پہلو (۱۷۵۲۔۱۸۱۹ء) CULTURAL AND LITERARY IMPACTS OF KASHMIR DURING AFGHAN RULE (1752 - 1819) Section Urdu Literature

Abstract

Culture is the complex of belief, practices, knowledge, art, law, custom, morals and other capabilities which acquired by the people as members of a society. In simple words there are different dynamics of culture, which refers to some changes in culture of a society. In cultural values, we moslty considered the ideas and symbols which are linked with human groups. It is impossible that any society can be static because cultural changing in a society is a universal process. The cultural dynamics in a society is a very complex phenomenon. If the changing forces related to the social structure then it can be declared as endogenous. The rise of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism is a good example of endogenous change in religious ideology. The continuous changes in religious ideology are occurred with the advent of Islam from out side in Kashmir Society.

                During the Afghan rule over Kashmir from 1752 to 1819, Kashmiris were suffered too much from the behavior of Afghans and other multiple factors. These factors brought some political, social, religious and cultual changes. In cultural changes they adopted the Afghan dress code "Shalwar, Qameez", compositions of Afghan society directly influenced the culture, position of women, early marriages were common, food and drinks, issuance of the coin of Noor-ud-Din Rashi, leisure activities, art and folk songs, sufiyana kelam, music, theater and Dastan Goi commonly influenced the Kashmiri culture. Despite being Muslims, Afghans never accepted religion in the policy of the state. Most Afghan governors delegated from Kabul to Kashmir, often showed total disconnection from the center and it says a lot about your personality and fragile compromises. The wealth of thirst, power and authority marked the main features of goverance to Kashmir. Women have preferred to stay at home and "Purdah". This work helps us to understand the distinctive political behavior of Afghan rulers which influenced the Kashmir during 18th and 19th century.