اشفاق احمد کے افسانوی مجموعہ ”پھلکاری“میں پنجابی ثقافت کی عکاسی

Abstract

Culture is a set of human behavior and related issues which are built up by the geographical conditions, environment and generational experiences and ideas of a group or society. Culture is the product of collective attitudes and collective thoughts, which time and circumstances continue to flow along with. Geographical and natural factors, calamities like storms, rains and floods also play a role in shaping and sustaining it. Cultures like Harappa and Mohenjodur also suffered similar disasters after their rise. Culture is an expression of the intellectual and material manifestations of a human group found in a region or region. Intellectual matters influence the inner and outer, teach the art of living and maintaining relationships; they shape the entire affairs of festivals, fairs, and occasions of life and death. In the same way, internal and external, that is, thought and the patterns of conducting affairs based on it, which a group forms, the patterns which are called traditions or customs, also teach it to the coming generations for their defense and protection. As if society is a whole and a collective process in which individuals follow a fixed course of action. This approach works on both internal and external levels equally and at the same time. Culture is influenced by many factors that bend and break it along with them. Time and circumstances, disasters, calamities and ideological factors ie politics and social movements all arrange the formation and order of culture. Culture continues to change and evolve due to these factors. The image of Punjab found in Ashfaq Ahmed's fictions (including Phalkari) sheds light on the Punjab of the twentieth century.