مسلم عہد کی حقیقی منظر کشائی کے لئے مسلم مور خین کا رد عمل اور ان کی تصانیف

Abstract

The true picture of the Muslim era is that aspect of the scholarly efforts of Muslim historians that is based on the description, analysis and criticism of different periods of Islamic history. Muslim historians not only recorded the great achievements of the Islamic era but also clearly explained the causes of decline and internal problems. Their work is characterized by a spirit of objectivity and reform, which also reflects their religious and intellectual background. Historians of the Islamic era gave special importance to the political developments, military conquests, scientific and social developments of the Islamic states in their writings. From the Rightly Guided Caliphate to the Abbasid Caliphate and later periods, these historians highlighted both the successes and challenges of the Islamic world. Their writings present the greatness of Islamic civilization as an example, in which justice, equality and knowledge prevailed. Historians highlighted the role of knowledge, wisdom, and intellectual freedom in the formation of Islamic society and compared Islamic civilization with other civilizations of the world. Historians like Ibn Ishaq described the early history of Islam in detail in his book Seerat al-Nabi, which explained the life of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and Islamic teachings. Tabari's Tarikh al-Rasul wa'l-Muluk is a comprehensive history, covering the conditions from the early period of the Islamic world to the Abbasid era. These historians organized the continuity of Islamic history in a systematic way, which helps in understanding the political and social structure of the Muslim world. Ibn Khaldun's work is considered a revolutionary achievement in historiography, in which he presented in-depth analyses of human society, the rise and fall of civilizations, and political and social factors. In his writing, history was presented not simply as a narrative of events, but as a social and economic science. Historians such as Yaqubi and Masoudi presented Islamic civilization in a global context in their books, where they highlighted the relations and cultural exchanges of the Islamic world with non-Muslim nations. Masoudi's Muruj al-Dhahab and Ibn Athir's Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh presented a comprehensive picture of the Islamic world, including the historical conditions of different regions, the policies of rulers, and aspects of public life. The writings of these historians explain the causes of the golden periods of Islamic civilization as well as the declining periods. They also explain how internal disputes, administrative weaknesses, and external invasions led to the decline of the Muslim world. In their writings, Muslim historians not only preserved the achievements of the past but also emphasized the importance of reforms and strategies for the future. Their works help to deeply understand every aspect of Islamic history, be it the achievements of the political system of the Caliphate or the scientific and academic developments. Their work is an important source not only for Muslims, but for historians around the world. The writings of Muslim historians also teach us that history is not just a narrative of the past, but a means of learning from it and charting the course for the future. Their writings presented Islamic history in a comprehensive and objective manner, inviting us to understand and reflect on the causes of its rise and fall. This work is still used today as a guiding principle for understanding the greatness and weaknesses of Muslim civilization.