GENDER BIAS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, MULTILEVEL QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATION

Abstract

This research investigates gender biases within the criminal justice system of Pakistan, focusing on prosecution, investigation, judicial response, family courts, and law of evidence, prisons, and appointments. Employing a qualitative approach, the study reveals pervasive discriminations faced by women throughout the criminal justice process. In the prosecution and investigation stages, the violation of human rights occurs as male officials interrogate females. Judicial response exacerbates the issue, with insufficient female representation among lawyers and judges hindering equal justice opportunities. Family courts, established to address domestic matters, fall short in providing specific facilities for women, contributing to further inequalities. The law of evidence, influenced by mixed perceptions, reflects discriminatory practices against women. Discriminations persist within prisons, where inadequate female staff, inappropriate behavior, and physical and sexual abuse are prevalent. Additionally, the underrepresentation of female judges raises concerns about impartial adjudication. Recommendations include enhancing female representation, training for sensitization, improving facilities, legal reforms, affirmative action in judicial appointments, and awareness campaigns. Implementing these measures can foster a criminal justice system aligned with principles of equality and fairness, ensuring just treatment for all individuals, regardless of gender.