A JOURNEY FROM URDU TO URGAIZĪ: A STUDY OF ENGLISH CODE SWITCHING IN THE URDU NOVELS OF UMERA AHMED AND NEMRAH AHMED
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Abstract
This study set out to investigate the phenomenon of code switching in Pakistani contemporary novels written in Urdu. Pakistan is a multilingual society and, therefore, bilingualism and code switching is a recurring practice in the discourse patterns of its people. It is a fact that instead of pure Urdu, Urdu with a code mixing of English is prevalent and more easily understood in the Pakistani society. A majority of people are able to understand only the type of Urdu that contains almost 4-6 % words from English. This form of Urdu is rapidly becoming the language of print and electronic media, too. This pattern is also reflected in Literature written in Urdu by contemporary Pakistani writers. This paper analyses ten novels written by two contemporary and popular Urdu novelists of Pakistan viz., Umera Ahmad and Nemrah Ahmad, with a purpose to find out the proportionate use of code mixing in our daily language practice as depicted through these novels. The findings revealed that both the novelists make ample use of English code switching in order to appeal to the readers from this multilingual society where many expressions of English are becoming part of the Urdu language used on daily basis and the incidents in Umera Ahmed’s (6.02%) novel are greater than in Nimrah Ahmed’s (4.25%) novels.
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References
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Ahmed, Nimra. (2010). Qarākaram kā Tāj Maḥal. Lahore: ʿIlm waʿIrfān Publishers.
Ahmed, Nimra. (2014). Muṣḥaf. Lahore: ʿIlm waʿIrfān Publishers.
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Ahmed, Umera. (2010). Lā Ḥāṣil. Lahore: ʿIlm waʿIrfān Publishers.
Ahmed, Umera. (2017). Man-o-Salwā. Lahore: ʿIlm waʿIrfān Publishers.
Ahmed, Umera. (2013). Pīr-e-Kāmil. Lahore: Feroz Sons.
Akhtar, Saleem. (1986), Urdu Adab kī Mukhtaṣar Tarīn Tārīkh, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications.
Auer, Peter. (Ed.). (2013). Code-switching in conversation: Language, interaction and identity. Routledge.
Bailey, Benjamin. (2000). Social/interactional functions of code switching among Dominican Americans. Pragmatics, 10(1), 165-193.
Bhabha, Homi. K. (1994). Frontlines/Borderposts. Displacements: Cultural Identities in Question. A. Bammer. Bloomington, Indiana University Press. 15: 269-272.
Bhatia, Tej, K., & Ritchie, William, C. (2016). Multilingual language mixing and creativity. Languages, 1(1), 6.
Bloom, J.P., & Gumperz, J. (1972). Social meaning in linguistic structures: Code-switching in Norway. In J.J. Gumperz, & D.
Hymes (Ed.), Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication (pp. 407-434). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Botha, Werner. (2021). The functions of language mixing in the social networks of Singapore students. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2021(269), 203-226.
Caparas, Pilar., & Gustilo, Leah. (2017). Communicative aspects of multilingual code switching in computer-mediated communication. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(2), 349-359.
Cancino, Marco., & Díaz, Gabriela. (2020). Exploring the Code-Switching Behaviours of Chilean EFL High School Teachers: A
Function-Focused Approach. Profile Issues in Teachers Professional Development, 22(2), 115-130.
Celik, Mehmet. (2003). Teaching vocabulary through code‐mixing. ELT Journal, 57(4), 361-369.
Eberhard, D. M., Simons, G. F., & Fennig, C. D. (eds.). (2020). Ethnologue: Languages of the world. 23. SIL International.
Faltis, Christian. J. (1989). Code‐switching and bilingual schooling: An examination of Jacobson's new concurrent approach. Journal of Multilingual & Multicultural Development, 10(2), 117-127.
Gardner-Chloros, P., & Weston, D. (2015). Code-switching and multilingualism in literature. Language and Literature, 24(3), 182-193.
Goodman, B., & Tastanbek, S. (2021). Making the shift from a codeswitching to a translanguaging lens in English language teacher education. TESOL Quarterly, 55(1), 29-53.
Grosjean, F. (1982). Life with two languages: An introduction to bilingualism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Gwee, S., & Saravanan, V. (2016). Use of code-switching in multilingual content subject and language classrooms. International Journal of Multilingualism, 1-18.
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ILM Pakistan Initiative Launched (2015). Published in Dawn August 15,2015. Retrieved on 17.2.2019 from https://www.dawn.com/news/1200602
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Jonsson, C. (2010). Functions of code-switching in bilingual theater: An analysis of three Chicano plays. Journal of pragmatics, 42(5), 1296-1310.
Jonsson, C. (2014). Power and resistance: Language mixing in three Chicano plays. International Journal of Bilingualism, 18(2), 118-133.
Kirkpatrick, A. (2014). The language (s) of HE: EMI and/or ELF and/or multilingualism?. The Asian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 4-15.
Kovács, M. (2001). Codeswitching and language shift in Australian Finnish in comparison with Australian Hungarian. Åbo: Åbo Akademi University Press.
Kroskrity, P. (2000). Identity. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 9(1-2), 111- 114.
Losey, K. M. (2009). Written codeswitching in the classroom: can research resolve the tensions? International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 12(2), 213-230.
Mahootian, S. (2005). Linguistic change and social meaning: Codeswitching in the media. International Journal of Bilingualism, 9(3-4), 361-375.
Milroy, L., & Pieter, M. (1995). One speaker, two languages: Cross-disciplinary research on code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Common and uncommon ground: Social and structural factors in codeswitching. Language in society, 22(4), 475-503.
Myers-Scotton, C. (2020). Code-switching as indexical of social negotiations. In The bilingualism reader (pp. 97-122). Routledge.
Naveed, A. (2014). University Students’ Attitudes Towards Code-Switching. HEC/BC Research Methods Training Project, 59-67.
Naveed, A., Aziz, S., & Vaishnava, P. (2023). Code-Switching, an Asset or a Liability in a Multilingual Classroom? An Investigation into Students' Attitudes towards Code-Switching in L2 Classrooms. Jahan-e-Tahqeeq, 6(4), 534-549.
Pintado Gutiérrez, L. (2021). Translation in language teaching, pedagogical translation, and code-switching: Restructuring the boundaries. The Language Learning Journal, 49(2), 219-239.
Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I‟ll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO ESPANOL: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18(7-8), 581-618.
Poplack, S. (2008). Code-switching. In Volume 1 (pp. 589-596). De Gruyter Mouton.
Rehman, T. (2006). Language policy, multilingualism and language vitality in Pakistan. In Saxena. & B.Lars. (Ed.), Lesser-known languages of South Asia: Status and policies, case studies and applications of information technology (pp.73-106). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Reyes, I. (2004). Functions of code switching in schoolchildren's conversations. Bilingual Research Journal, 28(1), 77-98.
Shafi, S., Kazmi, S. H., & Asif, R. (2020). Benefits of code-switching in language learning classroom at University of Education Lahore. International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social Sciences, 7(1), 227-234.
Sert, O. (2005). The Functions of Code-Switching in ELT Classrooms. Online Submission, 11(8).
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Wijaya, K. F. (2021). Code-Switching In Indonesian EFL Teaching-Learning Contexts. UC Journal: ELT, Linguistics and Literature Journal, 2(1), 22-34.
Yusufzai, F. Govt to Launch ILM Pakistan, Accessed 14 November 2018 https://nation.com.pk/14-Aug-2015/govt-to-launch-ilm-pakistan-on-august-14-ahsan
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Ahmed, Nimra. (2010). Qarākaram kā Tāj Maḥal. Lahore: ʿIlm waʿIrfān Publishers.
Ahmed, Nimra. (2014). Muṣḥaf. Lahore: ʿIlm waʿIrfān Publishers.
Ahmed, Nimra. (2017). Namal. Lahore: ʿIlm waʿIrfān Publishers.
Ahmed, Nimra. (2011). Sāns Sākin Thee. Lahore: ʿIlm waʿIrfān Publishers.
Ahmed, Umera. (2017). Āab-e-Ḥayāt. Lahore: Feroz Sons.
Ahmed, Umera. (2012). Ḥāṣil. Lahore: ʿIlm waʿIrfān Publishers.
Ahmed, Umera. (2010). Lā Ḥāṣil. Lahore: ʿIlm waʿIrfān Publishers.
Ahmed, Umera. (2017). Man-o-Salwā. Lahore: ʿIlm waʿIrfān Publishers.
Ahmed, Umera. (2013). Pīr-e-Kāmil. Lahore: Feroz Sons.
Akhtar, Saleem. (1986), Urdu Adab kī Mukhtaṣar Tarīn Tārīkh, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications.
Auer, Peter. (Ed.). (2013). Code-switching in conversation: Language, interaction and identity. Routledge.
Bailey, Benjamin. (2000). Social/interactional functions of code switching among Dominican Americans. Pragmatics, 10(1), 165-193.
Bhabha, Homi. K. (1994). Frontlines/Borderposts. Displacements: Cultural Identities in Question. A. Bammer. Bloomington, Indiana University Press. 15: 269-272.
Bhatia, Tej, K., & Ritchie, William, C. (2016). Multilingual language mixing and creativity. Languages, 1(1), 6.
Bloom, J.P., & Gumperz, J. (1972). Social meaning in linguistic structures: Code-switching in Norway. In J.J. Gumperz, & D.
Hymes (Ed.), Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication (pp. 407-434). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Botha, Werner. (2021). The functions of language mixing in the social networks of Singapore students. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2021(269), 203-226.
Caparas, Pilar., & Gustilo, Leah. (2017). Communicative aspects of multilingual code switching in computer-mediated communication. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(2), 349-359.
Cancino, Marco., & Díaz, Gabriela. (2020). Exploring the Code-Switching Behaviours of Chilean EFL High School Teachers: A
Function-Focused Approach. Profile Issues in Teachers Professional Development, 22(2), 115-130.
Celik, Mehmet. (2003). Teaching vocabulary through code‐mixing. ELT Journal, 57(4), 361-369.
Eberhard, D. M., Simons, G. F., & Fennig, C. D. (eds.). (2020). Ethnologue: Languages of the world. 23. SIL International.
Faltis, Christian. J. (1989). Code‐switching and bilingual schooling: An examination of Jacobson's new concurrent approach. Journal of Multilingual & Multicultural Development, 10(2), 117-127.
Gardner-Chloros, P., & Weston, D. (2015). Code-switching and multilingualism in literature. Language and Literature, 24(3), 182-193.
Goodman, B., & Tastanbek, S. (2021). Making the shift from a codeswitching to a translanguaging lens in English language teacher education. TESOL Quarterly, 55(1), 29-53.
Grosjean, F. (1982). Life with two languages: An introduction to bilingualism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Gwee, S., & Saravanan, V. (2016). Use of code-switching in multilingual content subject and language classrooms. International Journal of Multilingualism, 1-18.
Heller, M. (2020). Code-switching and the politics of language. In The bilingualism reader (pp. 163-176). Routledge.
Hudson, R.A. (1996). Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ILM Pakistan Initiative Launched (2015). Published in Dawn August 15,2015. Retrieved on 17.2.2019 from https://www.dawn.com/news/1200602
Iqbal, H.M. Z and Rafi, M.S. (2017). Code Switching in Urdu Short Story: A Comparative Study of Ismat Chughtai’s Lihaaf, Bano Qudsia’s Toaba-Shikan and Sumaira Naqvi’s Dopeher ka Khawab. ELF Annual Research Journal19,2017 (227-246).
Jabeen, S. (2020). Language planning and policy, and the medium of instruction in the multilingual Pakistan: a void to be filled. International Journal of Multilingualism, 1-18. DOI: 10.1080/14790718.2020.1860064.
Jan-Petter, B., & Gumperz, J. J. (2020). Social meaning in linguistic structure: code-switching in Norway. In The Bilingualism Reader (pp. 75-96). Routledge.
Jones, R. H., Jaworska, S., & Aslan, E. (2020). Language and media: a resource book for students. Routledge.
Jørgensen, J. N. (2013). Children’s Acquisition of Code Switching for Power Wielding. Code-switching in conversation: Language, interaction and identity.
Jonsson, C. (2010). Functions of code-switching in bilingual theater: An analysis of three Chicano plays. Journal of pragmatics, 42(5), 1296-1310.
Jonsson, C. (2014). Power and resistance: Language mixing in three Chicano plays. International Journal of Bilingualism, 18(2), 118-133.
Kirkpatrick, A. (2014). The language (s) of HE: EMI and/or ELF and/or multilingualism?. The Asian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 4-15.
Kovács, M. (2001). Codeswitching and language shift in Australian Finnish in comparison with Australian Hungarian. Åbo: Åbo Akademi University Press.
Kroskrity, P. (2000). Identity. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 9(1-2), 111- 114.
Losey, K. M. (2009). Written codeswitching in the classroom: can research resolve the tensions? International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 12(2), 213-230.
Mahootian, S. (2005). Linguistic change and social meaning: Codeswitching in the media. International Journal of Bilingualism, 9(3-4), 361-375.
Milroy, L., & Pieter, M. (1995). One speaker, two languages: Cross-disciplinary research on code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mustafa, Z (2015) Over to “Urdish”, Accessed 14 November 2018 https://www.dawn.com/news/1201758
Myers-Scotton, C. (1989). Codeswitching with English: Types of switching, types of communities. World Englishes, 8(3), 333-346.
Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Common and uncommon ground: Social and structural factors in codeswitching. Language in society, 22(4), 475-503.
Myers-Scotton, C. (2020). Code-switching as indexical of social negotiations. In The bilingualism reader (pp. 97-122). Routledge.
Naveed, A. (2014). University Students’ Attitudes Towards Code-Switching. HEC/BC Research Methods Training Project, 59-67.
Naveed, A., Aziz, S., & Vaishnava, P. (2023). Code-Switching, an Asset or a Liability in a Multilingual Classroom? An Investigation into Students' Attitudes towards Code-Switching in L2 Classrooms. Jahan-e-Tahqeeq, 6(4), 534-549.
Pintado Gutiérrez, L. (2021). Translation in language teaching, pedagogical translation, and code-switching: Restructuring the boundaries. The Language Learning Journal, 49(2), 219-239.
Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I‟ll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO ESPANOL: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18(7-8), 581-618.
Poplack, S. (2008). Code-switching. In Volume 1 (pp. 589-596). De Gruyter Mouton.
Rehman, T. (2006). Language policy, multilingualism and language vitality in Pakistan. In Saxena. & B.Lars. (Ed.), Lesser-known languages of South Asia: Status and policies, case studies and applications of information technology (pp.73-106). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Reyes, I. (2004). Functions of code switching in schoolchildren's conversations. Bilingual Research Journal, 28(1), 77-98.
Shafi, S., Kazmi, S. H., & Asif, R. (2020). Benefits of code-switching in language learning classroom at University of Education Lahore. International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social Sciences, 7(1), 227-234.
Sert, O. (2005). The Functions of Code-Switching in ELT Classrooms. Online Submission, 11(8).
Wardhaugh (1990). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics: NewYork: Blackwell.
Wardhaugh, R., & Fuller, J.M. (2015). Introduction to sociolinguistics. Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.
Winford, D. (2003). An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Blackwell Publishing.
Wijaya, K. F. (2021). Code-Switching In Indonesian EFL Teaching-Learning Contexts. UC Journal: ELT, Linguistics and Literature Journal, 2(1), 22-34.
Yusufzai, F. Govt to Launch ILM Pakistan, Accessed 14 November 2018 https://nation.com.pk/14-Aug-2015/govt-to-launch-ilm-pakistan-on-august-14-ahsan
Zenner, E., Rosseel, L., & Calude, A. S. (2019). The social meaning potential of loanwords: Empirical explorations of lexical borrowing as expression of (social) identity. Ampersand, 6, 100055.